Character Analysis of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby, by...

The Great Gatsby is an extraordinary novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who tells the story about the wealthy man of Long Island named, Jay Gatsby, a middle aged man with a mysterious past, who lives at a gothic mansion and hosts many parties with many strangers who were not entirely invited. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many characters are discussed uniquely to an extent from the festive, yet status hungry Roaring Twenties. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald introduces many characters who all seem to cause conflict with each other because of incompatible personalities. The main character that F. Scott Fitzgerald sets the entire book over is Jay Gatsby, Gatsby, is first shown as a mysterious man whose†¦show more content†¦This shows that Gatsby seems to strangely disappear from Nick’s view, and with Nick unaware of who Jay Gatsby legitimately, this gives the character an aura of mystery. Gatsby is a mysterious unique character that m any people seem to guess who his true identity is, for example when Nick and Jordan attend on of Gatsby’s great parties Nick begins to ask Jordan questions about Gatsby â€Å"‘where is he from, I mean? And what does he do?’ ‘Now you’re started on the subject†Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald 53). This shows that nobody fully understands who Gatsby truly is, and that although many people participate at his parties, no one really knows who the host actually is, making Jay Gatsby mysterious as ever. Jay Gatsby, the main character of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, is also described as a man who seemed to do anything to get what he wants, however even though what he wants he cannot receive and this tends to hurt some of the other characters around Jay Gatsby, which makes Gatsby seem as a stubborn man who is stubbornly in love. Gatsby shows stubbornness when he is talking to Tom and Daisy, for example in chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby it states â€Å"‘your wife doesn’t love you,’† said Gatsby quietly. â€Å"‘She never loved you. She loves me.’† (Fitzgerald 137). This shows that Gatsby is soShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1186 Words   |  5 Pages.. Why of course you can.† (110 This enduring quote from the famous novel The Great Gatsby by none other than F. Scott Fitzgerald stirs the mind and imagination in wonder of the very character who had uttered thes e words. Infamous Gatsby is the mysterious man behind the lavish and enthralling parties; a man who made his money and his image in that of a king. But, who is this mysterious man? How did he receive the great fortune of developing all of which he had possessed? He had it all, but we areRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis956 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, there is a strong message about the social class systems about the societies that exists between them. First, there are people like the Buchanans and Jordan Baker who were born into wealth and never really had to work for their money. Secondly, The new money people who can never really be like them, inherently because they have had to work for their money and sometimes finding it had been rough while doing so. (Houghton Mifflin) InRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 Pages F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purports that Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the type of person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography lists Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby : The RoleRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds Personl Influences on The Great Gatsby1762 Words   |  7 Pagesdead.† (Fitzgerald, 1925). The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1925, and takes place in 1922. The novel greatly exemplifies the time period that it takes place in, known as â€Å"The Roaring Twenties† or â€Å"The Jazz Age†. One way of exemplification is prohibition and the Volstead Act. According to David J. Hanson from Potsdam.edu, the Volstead Act, which took place in 1919, established National Prohibition of alcoholic beverages (Hanson, 2013). Fitzgerald made hisRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 PagesFrances Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24th, 1896 in St. Paul Minnesota and died of a heart attack in an apartment in Hollywood on December 21st, 1940. Throughout his career, Fitzgerald wrote many works, traveled the world , and served in the United States Army. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote mostly short stories but became famous because of his novel This Side of Paradise and became even more famous because of The Great Gatsby which was released in 1925. The time period in which Fitzgerald livedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Written Analysis876 Words   |  4 Pages Gatsby is Whipped (An Analysis of The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald) F. Scott Fitzgerald is arguably one of the greatest writers to ever come to earth. In the 20th century, he wrote far beyond his time, and wrote about topics that others were afraid to bring up. â€Å"Genius is the ability to put into effect what is on your mind.† (Fitzgerald) One of his better known novels, The Great Gatsby, brings up several diverse and arguable topics, but also presents many messages too. The threeRead MoreEssay on compare and contrast daisy and myrtle1007 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast: Daisy and Myrtle The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This novel features Jay Gatsby, George Wilson, Nick Carraway, Jordan Baker and Tom Buchanan along with many others to show the hopes, the struggles and the romance the characters went through each and every day. Due to the mixing of the two social classes: the rich and the poor, we learn about the causes and effects of what they face.  In the book, two major characters that greatly influenced this story wereRead MoreEssay on Jay Gatsby: A Tragic Hero1084 Words   |  5 Pages several requirements must be met. The formula begins with a character that possesses noble and admirable qualities. Then come imperfections to make him appear human and believable, and finally the tragic hero is completed when he experiences an equally tragic downfall, that is both partially his fault and disproportionate to his crime (Aristotle). In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald successfully creates main character Jay Gatsby as such a figur e. By molding his protagonist in the shadows ofRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 Pages and many people realized their own version of the American Dream during this period. The American Dream is one that many people want to achieve. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald demonstrates his true feelings about the American Dream in his classic novel, The Great Gatsby. Many characters in this story, such as Daisy and Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, and Jordan Baker, found riches and happiness in materialistic things and people throughout this novel. This is the stereotypical American Dream that is associatedRead MoreThe Sensible Thing, by F. Scott Fitzgerald1643 Words   |  7 PagesWriting The Sensible Thing, by F. Scott Fitzgerald shares numerous characteristics with his other writings. Like many writers, his work was heavily influenced by his life. Published criticisms note similarities between attitudes of the Roaring Twenties. In order to interpret The Sensible Thing, it is necessary to examine F. Scott Fitzgeralds life and work. The materialistic, free-thinking ideas characterizing greatly influenced the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Furthermore, his relationship

Fiction Analysis - 879 Words

English 102 Dr. Alexander October 14, 2010 Fiction Analysis The two short stories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Story of an Hour†, are two very similar stories. They share similarities of feminism, freedom, and marriage. The short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story about the struggle of a woman to gain her freedom and to get her own life apart from her controlling husband. The physician, who also happens to be the woman’s husband, keeps her in a room, as a form of â€Å"treatment†. He claims that she is psychotic, but after reading the text, I felt that the woman was only driven to insanity because of the so called â€Å"treatment† that her husband set forth. From being kept in this room for so†¦show more content†¦Her husband’s friend, Richards, remembering that Mrs. Mallard has heart trouble, tries to block her from the view of the door, in case she sees her husband and tries to make it so Mrs. Mallard doesn’t see him, in case it gave her heart trouble. They wanted to sit her down and explain to her what had happened and that there was a mistake in the telegram and that her husband was in fact, a live. But needless to say, Richards was too late and Mrs. Mallard saw her husband, alive and well and from all the back and forth emotions, she suffered from a heart attack and died. The two short stories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Story of an Hour†, are two very similar stories. They share similarities of feminism, freedom, and marriage. The two women compared in these two stories shared examples of feminism, freedom and marriage, because they both struggled with being in control of their husbands. By the end of the story, in some way or another, whether it was by death or by letting go, they were both set free and given theirShow MoreRelatedFiction Analysis Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesFiction Analysis There are many ways to supplement a story in order to add lucidity. It is done through literary devices and Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is no different. The Things They Carried is a narrative about a soldier at war in Vietnam. However, this story provides multiple layers of meaning through OBriens tone and style that help the reader further understand it. Both of these literary devices are embedded in the story and gradually help define it. To begin with, OBrienRead MoreFlash Fiction Analysis790 Words   |  4 PagesThe editors of â€Å"Flash Fiction† asked themselves the question, â€Å"How short can a story be and still truly be a story?† (11). With this in mind, they settled on a maximum word count of 750, with a minimum of 250. They debated keeping it as â€Å"one story to a page, just a little book of little stories,† but soon realized that, without the turn of a page during a story, the reader is easily bored (13). Instead, they allowed the stories to begin and end naturally in the book’s layout. â€Å"Pumpkins† is aRead MorePulp Fiction Film Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pages Pulp Fiction is a black comedy crime film written and directed Quentin Tarantino (1994). The film’s â€Å"narrative follows the unpredictable actions and reflections of two hit men who philosophically meditate out loud about the Bible, loyalty, and McDonald’s hamburgers† (Corrigan, White, 368). The movie goes against the three-act structure of classic films as the story is told out of chronological order making the film so memorable to its viewers. 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I like them as these two works are very exciting with suspense. Next I will compare them on three aspects. 　　　The first is the theme. A Rose for Emily, written by William Faulkner, is a short story about the life and death of Miss Emily Grierson. The reader is told the story in flashback. Its structure is broken downRead MoreAnalysis Of My Best Friend By Weird Fiction2083 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of My Best Friend Weird fiction is a hot topic of debate in the world of genres. Some people feel like weird fiction could be easily classified as a sub genre to horror or supernatural fiction; while others argue that the conventions of weird fiction are so unique, that it’s substantial enough to be classified as a genre of its own. 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Assessment Chevron Corporate Responsibility Free Essays

string(156) " make sure they are built into the company’s vision, mission, policies, codes, practices, compliance mechanisms, and feedback arrangement† \(Leonard J\." INTRODUCTION The aims of this assay report is to critically explore and evaluate practical and analytical interaction of a chosen company Corporate Responsibility Report in relative to the role of an accountant. Objectives: Identifying what Corporate Social Responsibility means, what it means to an accountant, and examining in relationship between accountant and Corporate Social Reporting. Consequent to increasing globalization, greater environmental and social awareness and more efficient communication, the concept of companies’ responsibilities beyond the purely legal or profit-related has gained new impetus. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now The duty to provide an account or reckoning of those actions for which one is held responsible (Gray Owen and Adam 1996). Report structure As instructed this assay report will comprises three sections: Part one examine the chosen company, ‘Chevron’ Corporate Responsibility Report (2009) and to what extent is committed to ‘accountability’. This report will be limited to what is published in their corporate responsibility report. Part two of the report will explore the role of Chevron corporate responsibilities in tackling ‘global warming’ (climate change) for the past five years, this part will be concerned with projects that shows improved accountability. Part three of the report will attempt to examine assured evidence that the chosen company ‘Chevron’ has an increasing social responsible investment in areas or regions it operates, should that lead to increase in social and environmental accounting and will recognised the importance of better social and environmental behaviour from companies. Part 1 – Accountability Chevron Corporation (Chevron) Chevron was incorporated in 1926, it manages its investment in subsidiaries affiliate, is listed on the NASDAQ CVX Exchange in New York, employs approximately 58,000 highly skilled employees around the globe and provides technology support to the United States of America and international subsidiaries that engage in petroleum operations, chemical operations, mining operations, power generation and energy services. [Company website] [UK. Reuters] Chevron has a major consumer present around the globe as one of the world largest consumer fuel retailer with about 4,000 fuel stations, and ambitions to further activities in developing and supplying fuels to the wholesale market and its strategies â€Å" to invest in people, execute with excellence, grow profitably, and invest in profitable renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions†. [Company website] The Chevron Corporate Responsibility Report 2009 (CCRR) represents the Chevron’s eighth corporate responsibility report; to share its history on environmental, social and governance system reporting. It seems noted that Chevron has evidence of accountability and sustainability reporting, but how proven can that be The report provide descriptions, data, and perspectives on communities and stakeholder engagement, environmental management, energy efficiency, health and safety, human right, and renewable energy and biofuels. Extractives corporations, especially those involved in oil and gas exploration and production lie at the bottom end of environmental and social concerns, having such a significant opportunity to either contribute to or mitigate environmental and social issues. In the oil and gas sector, in recent years, many companies have sought to report upon their activities in the fields of mitigating the impacts of conventional fuel production and supply and also demonstrating their commitment to reduce impacts and use renewable energy sources. Credibility: Chevron’s approach to the challenges of sustainability is to provide fuel which utilise the same infrastructure and technology as conventional fuels but which utilise either significant proportion of advanced biofuels, geothermal energy and solar or are entirely renewable sources. A key part of this strategy is their investment in geothermal energy in Indonesia and the Philippines, which is generate electricity from radioactive decay of volcanic activity, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface and which is reported to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent compared to conventional fossil fuel. [CCRR p.13-14] Chevron Corporate Report 2009 seeks to represent the corporation’s approach to the development of a leadership position in renewable energy and fuels and the opportunities and challenges inherent in such a commitment. The corporation faces significant challenges if it is to achieve its target of becoming one the world leading producer and supplier of consumer fossil fuel, geothermal energy and advanced biofuels. Specifically because of the challenges of sustainability sourcing fossils fuel and biofuel feedstock. The feedstock that the corporation is committed to is forest-based sources, which has become a hugely controversial because of its association with forest clearance in places like the Amazon forest of South America and pressure on wild life species. In the context of responsibility, the report contains the following: â€Å"we are deeply committed to conducting business in socially responsible and ethical manner†. This is a laudable goal, yet it is difficult from the report to identify just what the company’s current net impacts are, or how they will get from the current position to the implied destination. Such statements are very common and do not stop here: Chevron’s approach to corporate responsibility also states: â€Å"demonstrate commitment to its seven pillars of corporate responsibility: the environment, health and safety; human rights; stakeholders engagement; community engagement; workforce; supply chain; and ethic†. Given the concerns of stakeholders, the corporation significantly develop its disclosure of stakeholder engagement and communication. The report does include overview list of a variety of groups together with the type of interactions undertaken and evaluation and feedback from those interactions. In practice, however, interactions are predominantly communications based and do not really present a picture of either what issues are of concern to different stakeholders or indeed the depth of concerns and implications for Chevron’s plans. Accountability is build around the relationship between owners, management of the company and its stakeholders; â€Å"those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist,† and the list of constituents comprising stakeholders originally included â€Å"share-owners, employees, customers, suppliers, lenders, and society†(Freeman and Reed 1983). Accountability is the duty to provide an account of those actions for which one is responsible, not necessarily financial. It has various definitions, but the word is typically used to denote responsibility for acquiring results. â€Å"In Stakeholders – Accountability Oriented Governance Process (SAOG), the board of directors must take all stakeholder interest into account and make sure they are built into the company’s vision, mission, policies, codes, practices, compliance mechanisms, and feedback arrangement† (Leonard J. You read "Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility" in category "Essay examples" Brooks, Paul Dunn 2009) Accountability is an essential element of the business and corporate world, and Chevron corporate responsibility report 2009 it have been developed in consistency with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G3 guidelines, International Petroleum Industry Environment Conservation Association (IPIECA), and the American petroleum institute (API). The use of GRI G.3 guidelines represents a useful set of key issues for the corporation to consider in the development of it approach to reporting. Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) defines corporate responsibility as â€Å"a business approach that creates long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic, environmental social developments†. This definition does not appear to induce firms to aspire for sustainability goals above and beyond their financial interests (P. Ekins, S. Simon, L. Deutsch, C. Folke, R. D. Groot 2003).Such data is also heavily dependent on what firms wish to disclose through annual questionnaires, third party documents and personal communications. The report [CCRR 2009] is visually well designed and presented, most striking aspects of the report is use of pictures and numbers of quotes seeking to reinforce the themes is vision, change, evolution and general creative thinking. Part 2 Climate change â€Å"Global economic prosperity and quality of life depend on secure supplies of reliable, affordable energy. Everyday Chevron employees produce and deliver energy in a safe, environmentally sound and socially responsible manner, creating enduring economic and social value† said John S. Watson, Chevron chairman and CEO The fundamental challenges for Chevron Corporation lies in the implications of its commitment to become a global player in the development and supply of fossils fuel and biofuel and the requirement to source forest product responsibly. The corporation’s approach to this appears strong. Chevron is an active member of FTSE 500 and has committed to using FTSE performance rating index; 2010 Chevron total emission was 65,853,377 metrics tons, index G,S (Global 500, SP 500)and carbon disclosure score was 80. In this report Chevron shows its commitment action plan to tackling climate change and manage to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. In 2009 the total emissions recorded were 57.4 million metric tons, better than previous target of 60.5 million metric tons, Chevron GHG emissions was approximately 33 metric tons of CO2 equivalent of per 1000 barrels of net-equivalent production from the upstream operations, down from 37 metric tons in 2008. The downstream intensity was approximately 36 metrics tons of CO2 equivalent per 1,000 barrels of crude oil that was input into their refineries, the same as in 2008. The preliminary target for 2010 is 59.0 million metric tons. One of key target of reducing emissions for Chevron is reducing flaring; flaring is an act of safety device to protect vessels or pipes from over pressure on pipes due to unplanned upset. When plant and equipment are over-pressure, pressure relief valves on the equipments automatically releases gases which are routed through large pipes runs called flare headers to the flare stack. Flaring and venting of natural gas from oil and gas well is a significant source of Greenhouse gases emissions. Chevron have executed projects to capture and use the gas, with the cooperation of industry and government partners like World Bank-led Global Gas Flaring Reduction, they target 80 percent reduction if successful. In the report it shows result of gas flaring and venting activities for past five years from 2005 to 2009. [CCRR 2009 p.8-9] Another challenge to the corporation’s presentation of â€Å"result† is the limited scope of time covered – best practice is to disclose of 5 years of targets and performance. Report statements show the net decrease of approximately 2.2 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions from 2008 to 2009 can be attributed to reduced flaring from Cabinda (Angola), and to Nigeria gas processing shut-downs, shut-in offshore wells and pipeline vandalism. Production decrease at U.S.A. Mid-continent and Alaska operations, as well as declining demand for products and shut-downs process units at the Richmond, California, refinery, also accounted for the emission reductions. Another project the corporation invested as a means of tackling climate change is the Carbon Dioxide injection, the Gorgon project, which will include the world’s largest commercial-scale GHG storage site. The project target up to approximately 3.4 million metric tons of CO2 a year injected and stored underground, and it is anticipated that approximately120 million metric tons GHG emissions will be avoided because of the Gorgon CO2 injection project. It will not be true to say the report ignores the challenges inherent in oil and gas exploration, however given scope and scale to promote climate change campaign through its activities. Part 3 Socially Responsible Investment Socially responsible investment (SRI) is â€Å" an investment that is considered socially responsible because of the nature of the business the company conducts†. [investopedia] Another definition by Rivoli 2003 states: â€Å" to provide an opportunity to place savings in ethical funds that yield a competitive return while simultaneously shaping tomorrow’s world†. SRI, in in our today’s socially aware times it is almost impossible to find a global corporation that does not convey a commitment to corporate social responsible (CSR) businesses are now made aware of the benefit at hand of practising good ethical stances. It now means companies have moved from their supposed primary objective of profit maximisation and the best interests of the company, its staff and its shareholders, to include a broader obligation to help build an improved society. The UK is seen as one of the world leading provider of CSR practices internationally. The government has raised and highlighted the importance of social and environmental responsibility; they have also help promote transparency in CSR reporting and its awareness in the marketplace. CSR encourages businesses to have the interest of a broader stakeholders at heart, of which can widen up their understanding of any potential risk and return available to them. [volunteering England] The president of the free market economics Madsen Pirie state that â€Å"CSR should not be a company,s concern†. She commented that CSR should be determined by society as a whole through the mandatory requirement from the government. There is lack of consensus when it comes to focusing on relationship between CRS and profitability, could be due to weakness posed by the methodologies used for measuring social performance, such as external reputational index, content analysis of corporate annual reports or peer ratings (Burke and Logsdon, 1996). The FTSE4Good is another effective way to determine SRI, FTSE4Good indices are value-weighted equity security indices, a corporation will be qualified for inclusion if it passes positive or negative screening tests. Companies excluded are those in sectors like tobacco, arms and nuclear power. Companies included are those that are actively in social and environment criteria, such as environmental sustainability, human right, countering bribery, supply chain labour standards and climate change. While providing an investment tool for socially responsible investors and fund managers, the index strives to contribute to the development of responsible business practices around the world. Socially responsible investment (SRI) is in a very interesting stage of its development, because from fifteen years ago it is a international movement. where does it goes and as a industry how ambitious is it Am certain, quite concern few people come into the industry, people are prepare to push boundaries as much as some of the early pioneers have done. The flip side is, there is continues to be innovation. For example, there is such a disclosure requirement that are carrying from will it’ in Brazil. The Brazilian stock market driven very strongly by SRI movement encouraging better start of disclosure of companies listed in the Brazilian stock market. There is a kind of trade severe of the movement that haven’t die, but need to be lifted to the next level of what are we in business to do? One of the things that inspired me the most is the idea of one planet living, this is where SRI is ahead of most investment industry in understanding planet tree constraints on growth and the fact that it alter the nature of growth. [OECD: new growth doesn’t have to cost the earth] I don’t think SRI is at full front as ambitious as it is about one planet living collectively defining what could be the management of World bank and United nation be thinking about their own finances in the advices they offer like in their lending policies. How does SRI define the way infrastructure investment are made? I think SRI have been quiet weak in the area of real estate and there is a huge opportunity for an SRI interpretation of investment of the built environment whether is building houses, homes or infrastructure, is it road or mass transit. Conclusion There is a lot in Chevron report that is very impressive, though are a number of places where the report either over claims, over simplifies or fails to provide the required detail in processes and approaches, for example in an NGO, GreenPeace website claims in an article tittle â€Å"Chevron: a company that needs to go beyond oil† that the Chevron acts opposite of what its claim its image is. Chevron clearly wishes to take a responsible approach to its business and its ambition could have a significantly positive effect in both the availability of lower impact fuels. It will better to serve the company’s ambitions to make a clear further step to discuss, disclose and demonstrate the real challenges, areas of disagreement, barriers and progress towards its overall goals that are going to be a key part of its journey to achieve its vision. Bibliography Text books P. Ekins, S. Simon, L. Deutsch, C. Folke, R. D. Groot, Ecological Economics 44, 165 (2003) Freeman, R. Edward, and Jr., Daniel R. Gilbert. Corporate Strategy and the Search for Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988 Leonard J. Brooks, Paul Dunn 2009. 5th Edition. Business and Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives and accountants Subhabrata B. B. Corporate Social Responsibility; the good, the bad, and the ugly, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2007 Gray O Adam C. Accounting Accountability, New York Prentice Hall, 1996 DJSI, â€Å"Dow Jones Sustainability Index, Corporate Sustainability† http://www.sustainabilityindexes.com/htmle/sustainability/corpsustainability.htm. (accessed on 22/04/11) Chevron Corp (CXV. N). â€Å"Company profile†. Available online: http://uk.reuters.com/business/quotes/companyProfile?symbol=CVX.N About Chevron. Company Profile. Available online: http://www.chevron.com/about/leadership/ (accessed on 2/04/11) ReportAlert. Chevron corporation (NYSE:CVX) publishes Corporate Responsibility Report 2009. Available online: http://www.reportalert.info/reportprofile.php?ID=30688year=2010.(accessed on 12/04/11) Socially Responsible Investment- SRI http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sri.asp.(accessed on 24/04/11) Corporate Social Responsibility http://www.volunteering.org.uk/WhatWeDo/Projects+and+initiatives/Employer+Supported+Volunteering/Employers/CSR+and+CCI/CSR/What+is+Corporate+Social+Responsibility (accessed on 22/04/11) James P. Leape, Director General, WWF International. New growth doesn’t have to cost the earth http://www.oecd.org/document/45/0,3746,en_2649_34361_46695661_1_1_1_1,00.html. (accessed on 21/04/11) FTSE4GOOD http://www.ftse.com/About_Us/FTSE_Corporate_Responsibility/FTSE4Good.jsp . (accessed on 21/04/11) How to cite Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility, Essay examples

Australia Federal Register of Legislation - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Australia Federal Register of Legislation. Answer: Introduction There are different types of business structures in Australia and each one is governed in a different manner. Corporations Act, 2001 is the legislation which governs the companies in the nation. As this is an act of commonwealth, it applies uniformly over all the parts of the nation (Latimer, 2012). This legislation imposes various duties on the directors of the company, and on the other officers of the company, which have to be upheld properly. Where the duties are not fulfilled in the manner as have been stated under the legislation, it results in the contravention of these duties, which in turn results in civil and criminal provisions becoming applicable over the directors (Rosa, 2015). Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479 is a leading case in which the director duties had been contravened by the sole director, as a result of which penalties were imposed on the breaching director (Moores, 2014). This discussion is focused on the quoted case, and would shed light on what actually transpired, the duties breached and the analysis of the decision given by the court. Background of Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn In this case, the director of Fodare Pty Ltd was Shearn, and on being instigated by the liquidator of the company, Clout, the company initiated the claims against him. The plaintiff of this case had been the trustee of the trust named as Alexandria Trust, a settlement trust, and this trust had been created through a deed. This was like a family trust, and for the Shearn family, this benefitted them. Some of the property had been obtained by Fodare Pty Ltd as a trustee and this had been sold off by the director of the company to an independent purchaser. And the entire case was based upon this very sale (NSW Case Law, 2011). The case is deemed as a substantial ruling particularly in the recent time period and had been given by the Supreme Court of New South Wales. This case had Shearn as the sole director of the company during the time when the sale took place. He had cleared the registered mortgages and also had diverted the funds, the value of which was AUS$383,000 in her personal account. This was in addition to the diversion of AUS$251,000 for discharging and paying up the mortgage on the property which had been held by her daughter. In due course, the company had to be wound up. The liquidators started a case against the defendant and sought declaration which provided that the defendant had contravened the fiduciary duties which had been imposed on her. This case saw the charges being brought against the daughter of Shearn also on the very same grounds due to the scope of constructive trustee which led to her being covered owing to the fact that she held a clear knowledge regarding the funds which s he got being the sum out of proceeds, which had been obtained owing to the undertaken sale (INSOL, 2012). Contravened Duties Section 180(1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 it is the civil duty of the directors and other officers of the company to use their powers and discharge their duties in a manner which depicts care and diligence; and this has to be done on such basis as would be undertaken by a prudent person holding the same officer as of the director, with the same responsibilities, and facing the same situation, as was faced by the director on which the duty is imposed (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2018). Under section 1317E of the Corporations Act, the penalties for the contravention of section 180(1) have been provided. As per the quoted section, the court can make a declaration of contravention upon finding the breach of the relevant sections and this declaration clearly states the reasons for holding the breach, the conduct which resulted in such violation, the penalty details and the other relevant factors. This declaration allows the ASIC to make an application of getting a disqualification order from the court against the breaching director as per section 206C of this act; and the ASIC can also make an application for imposition of pecuniary penalties on the director based on section 1317G of this act (ICNL, 2018). As per section 181(2) of this act, the directors can make use of the defence of business judgment rule. This subsection provides that a director would not be made responsible for the breach of subsection 1 where such director can prove that the undertaken decision had been the result of making proper enquires, based on the knowledge which they held, and that this decision of the director had been based on good faith and for the proper purpose. The directors are also required to show that they actually believed on this rationally and that they genuinely had the viewpoint that the decision had been in the best interest of the company (WIPO, 2015). This defence has been provided in order to safeguard the directors from making such decisions which could transform in losses, even after carefully analysing the case and undertaking the relevant decision. This allows the directors to freely make the decision without having to face the threat of being made responsible for such decision which resulted in loss, and in avoiding any risky decision from being taken just due to the possibility of contravening this section (Cassidy, 2006). Under section 181(1) of this act, the directors have been given the duty of acting for proper purpose, in best interest of the company and in good faith. The same has to be undertaken when the directors discharge their duties and make use of their powers. As a result of the section being contravened, the civil penalties which had been discussed earlier, as covered in section 1317E of this act (Federal Register of Legislation, 2018). Section 182(1) of this act further imposes a duty on the directors to restrict from making use of the position which they hold in the company in such a manner which causes detriment to the company or whereby advantage is attained for the director themself or for someone else. Again, the contravention of this section results in civil penalties covered in section 1317E of this act being imposed on the breaching director (Federal Register of Legislation, 2018). Courts decision Initially, it was stated by the court that there was an absence of allegations against the property being sold, which had indeed taken place at the value which had been stated in the application provided by the plaintiff. Quite a large sum had been owed by the company to Bruce Dennis; and the company director, along with her daughter, had clear knowledge of the company being under this debt owing to the high amounts which had been paid to them. As a result of this, the company was left with no money to make the relevant payment of Dennis. In the matter of the property being the trusts asset, there was absence of sufficient evidence which could result in the judges stating that the same had been the case or not. However, in order to consider the events leading the indebtness of Dennis, the court had to consider this (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2011). The knowledge of Shearn was taken into consideration by the court regarding the payment of money to her, as a result of which the company was left without insufficient funds for paying its debts, which were not much significant. The court adopted an approach where in place on raising the question regarding the application of assets, which resulted in the company being left with an inability of paying off its debts, the question took the question on the very purpose for which these assets had been applied for. In the view of the court, there had to be a proper purpose in order for the fulfilment of the duties discussed in the preceding segment. The money which was held in trust was done in a metaphorical sense. In addition to this, Shearn had been a sole director of this company and in the view of the court she had the duty of safeguarding the company funds and to make use of these for the purpose of discharging the liabilities which the company owed for the corporate reasons. The pay ment which the sole director made to her and her family in form of gift resulted in her own benefit and this was a clear lack of proper discharge of the duties which she owed for the reasons of being a director of the company (Jade, 2011). In this matter, the court also shed light over the cardinal rule binding the directors and as a reason of which, the duties covered under Part 2D.1 are imposed on the directors (Boone, 2012). This provides that the interest of the director has to be kept below the companys interest and in this regard the company directors were required to account for the gains or the profits which had been made by them owing to the fiduciary duties owed to the company. As a result of this, the money of the company which got in the directors hand or which is essentially under their control, which has to be in the possession of company in order for it to be recognized as being the company property. There was also a need of providing the explanation for why this sum had not been put in the companys possession and also the reasons for applying the amount in other ways. For these reasons, the records had to be kept in form of receipts and of the payments of the company, where the use of money was properly recognized (Jade, 2011). This case had a single director and this required the adequacy and accuracy of records to be kept in a proper manner; and this was required to be undertaken on the basis whereby the compliance to the fiduciary duties was reflected in order for the company to be made aware of the very fact that the property was being used in a specified way and had been applied in such way. The evidence depicted that the sole director of the company had not performed the duties which she owed in a proper way. Where the liquidator appointed for the company asked for records and books of company, in context of the property of the company, nothing was provided by her to the liquidator. Also, the report provided to the liquidator afterwards depicted that the company had no liabilities or assets. Shearn further gave statements which provided that the company had no tax liability and that no accounts had been maintained for the last three years by the company. There was absence of recognition of the settlem ent cheques as company property. The money was sued for benefit of her daughter and this was known to the daughter. It was held by the court that even when the daughter was not aware of fine details, she knew about the ownership interest of the company in the assets in question. The Supreme Court held that the sole director had to be made liable for the equitable compensation for the two sums, and for the statutory compensation along with interest and cost. The daughter also had to be made liable for equitable compensation with interest (Jade, 2011). Conclusion From this case, it becomes clear that a sole director of the company has to follow the same duties as is the case with any director of the company. Where the same is not done, they would be made liable as was done with Shearn. It is crucial that the directors of the company refrain from making benefits for themselves, and causing damage to the company. This is the reason why this case saw the daughter also being made liable along with her mother, for the benefitted attained by the two, and the two being made liable jointly and severally. References Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2011) Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479 (25 May 2011). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2011/479.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Fodare%20Pty%20Ltd%20v%20Shearn [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Boone, J.W. (2011) International Insolvency: Jurisdictional Comparisons. 3rd ed. London: Thomson Reuters. Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 04/01/18] ICNL. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 04/01/18] INSOL. (2012) Duties Of Directors A Holistic View. [Online] INSOL. Available from: https://www.insol.org/emailer/Jan2012_downloads/India_Duties%20of%20Directors.pdf [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Jade. (2011) Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479. [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/article/217574 [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Moores. (2014) The Directors Series: Part 2 - Fiduciary Duties. [Online] Moores. Available from: https://www.moores.com.au/news/the-directors-series-part-2-fiduciary-duties [Accessed on: 04/01/18] NSW Case Law. (2011) Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479. [Online] NSW Case Law. Available from: https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/54a635133004de94513d87f6 [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Rosa, D.D. (2015) Are you in breach of your duties as a director of your company?. [Online] Di Rosa Lawyers. Available from: https://dirosalawyers.com.au/breach-duties-director-company/ [Accessed on: 04/01/18] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 04/01/18]

Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California

Table of Contents Factors Influencing the Supply and Demand of Nurses How Nurses Pay is Determined and Structured Towards Increasing the Supply of Nurses Reference List The healthcare system in the U.S. is largely dependent on the number of health professionals available in public and private healthcare facilities across the country. Nurses are at the core of the healthcare system by virtue of their role in the doctor-patient relationship, and hence their availability is fundamental if the country is to uphold an effective, competent, and efficient healthcare system (Rickles, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it has not been easy for many states to maintain the required number of nurses in their health facilities judging by the vastness of the healthcare sector and high level of specialization witnessed in the industry. This paper aims to use the article by Rickles et al (n.d.) titled ‘California Policy Options: Supplying California’s needs for Nurses’ to evaluate the labor market for nurses in California state. Factors Influencing the Supply and Demand of Nurses The demand and supply of nurses is influenced by a multiplicity of factors judging by their relative importance to the healthcare system. Indeed, analysts are of the opinion that the U.S. is not anywhere near satisfying the demand for more nurses, and a time when the supply of nurses will effectively deal with the demand can never be imagined as of yet (Rickles, n.d.). California’s shortage of qualified nurses is among the most relentless in the U.S. as many of the state’s health institutions experience great difficulty in the process of recruiting and retaining qualified nursing personnel (Rickles et al, n.d.). By 2005, California had an estimated 200,000 registered nurses, with credible projections suggesting that the state’s demand for registered nurses will stand at 300,000 by 2010 and 458,733 by 2030 (Rickles et al, n.d; Hausellberg, 2010). The above scenario can be attributed to a variety of factors that influence the dynamics of supply and demand of the nurses in the state. On the demand side, it can be safely argued that the demand for nurses in California has sharply risen in the past and will continue to steadily grow in the future due to the population’s ever rising demand for healthcare (Rickles et al, n.d.). The trend is that individuals residing in California are increasingly utilizing hospital facilities, with around 4 million patients being released from hospitals in 2003, a 7% increase from the figures recorded in 1998.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The total population of California has also expanded by at least 8% between 1998 and 200 3, and is projected to continue expanding in the future. Still, California’s elderly population is increasing by the day, impacting heavily on the demand of nurses since the elderly requires more medical attention than any other age-category. Other influences on the demand side include the reimbursement approaches employed by health insurance plans, federal regulations on nurse staffing ratios to meet the required nurse-to-patient ratios, aging of the Registered Nurse work force, natural attrition, and personal wealth (Rickles et al, n.d.). Influences that determine the supply of nurses into health facilities based in California seems so much constrained to meet the ever rising demand. The supply of nurses in California is mainly influenced by the duration of the nursing educational program, new graduates, input of retired nurses who may wish to return to active employment, external recruitment of nurses from other states, licensing requirements for new nurses, and sourcing o f nurses from other countries (Rickles et al, n.d.). Supply of nurses is also determined by the number of students nurturing an ambition or interest to train in nursing. Rickles et al (n.d.) posits that â€Å"†¦for the first part of the 20th century, licensed nursing was one of a few occupations widely open to women†¦As career opportunities expanded for women in the second half of that century, however, nursing had to compete with other attractive professions for new entrants† (p. 105). It is therefore prudent to argue that the enhanced labor market prospects for women have worked to diminish the supply of nurses. Lastly, the supply of nurses in California has been given a lifeline owing to the relaxation of some U.S. immigration regulations. How Nurses Pay is Determined and Structured The pay for nurses must be determined based on the local labor situation and the forces of supply and demand (Clanton, 2009). When a health facility faces a shortage of nurses as it i s the case in California, the net effect on the market equilibrium in competitive market situations would be an increase in nurses’ pay. Other factors that may influence the market equilibrium and hence determine the nurses pay include costs of living prevailing in the state, consumer price index (CPI), and fluctuations in the purchasing power of the American dollar (Rickles et al n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, federal regulations such as the nurse-to-patient ratios are likely to increase the nurses’ pay as states fight to attract more nurses to keep up with the set legislations. Lastly, the professional bodies representing the nurses may play a fundamental role in determining their pay. The pay structure for nurses in the state is determined by a number of factors, namely the level of education and experience, position in the labor force, duration of service, level of specialty, nationality, and station of duty (Rickles, n.d.). Towards Increasing the Supply of Nurses The concerned stakeholders need to offer more monetary and non-monetary incentives to attract more nurses and trigger more students to enroll in nursing schools. The federal government of California should step in to guide the labor market for nurses by offering more funds to schools for training purposes aimed at boosting supply. To further enhance supply, the central and federal governments should further relax immigration restrictions for qualified nurses from other countries to join the labor market (Rickles, n.d.). The retired nurses who have the capacity to continue in the service should be encouraged to apply through offering incentives such as bonuses and flexible working hours. Lastly, the government should chip in and assist the health facilities meet the escalating labor costs associated w ith enhancing the nurse-to patient ratio as per the regulations put in place (Clanton, 2009) Reference List Clanton, S. (2009). Nursing: Labor Market Research. Web. Rickles, J., Ong, P.M., Spetz, J. (n.d.). California policy options. Supplying California’s needs for Nurses. Web. Hausellberg, W. (2010). Registered nurses in California looking at a glowing demand. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California was written and submitted by user Orion N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness The WritePass Journal

The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness Introduction The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness Introduction AccountabilityEthicsLawConclusionRelated Introduction The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness of the professional, ethical and legal issues that are associated with providing accountable health and social care. Once groups were formulated, and the scenario was decided, the group could discuss and draw focus areas both as a group and individually. A learning journal was kept using diary sheets which documented what was discussed.   The scenario that was chosen by the group was Eddie, based on the numerous ethical issues that arose. This assignment is going to concentrate on the issue of record keeping, and the way it impacts on the role of the accountable practitioner. As part of adult nursing there are various forms of record keeping that exists and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2009) stipulates good record keeping is a fundamental element of nursing practice, and is crucial to safe and effectual care. The NMC (2009) guidance for record keeping also specifies that your records should be accurate and recorded in such a way that the meaning is clear and you have a duty to communicate effectively with your colleagues. This was not present throughout this scenario as the constant lack misunderstandings and communication errors are what lead to the medication errors being made, resulting in actual harm to this patient. Caulfield (2005) talks about a framework of accountability based on four pillars, professional, ethical, legal and employment accountability, which takes into account our different understandings as to what accountability is all about. The key pillar within this is the presence of professional accountability, which is a fundamental aspect of nursing and sanctions nurses to work within a structure of practice and follow standards of conduct that preserve the patients trust. Its manifestation spearheaded the creation of our standards of conduct that exists within our governing body the NMC today. Accountability Accountability in terms of record keeping is the facilitation of good governance. There is no solitary source of accountability, as different organisations create different principles and guidelines. As a registered nurse we are obligated and duty-bound by a particular set of standards that govern our profession, this gives us our boundaries and restrictions in which we must work. This is supported by Griffith and Tengnah (2010) which acknowledge that as a registered nurse you will be lawfully and professionally answerable for your behaviour regardless of whether a person is following directives from another individual or using their own ingenuity. Accountability is often seen in practice as a rationalisation of ones actions, specifically in terms of distributing the blame. Blame Mentality can be destructive can often lead to a pessimistic view of accountability and its application in caring for patients and espousing staff (Scrivener, Hand and Hooper, 2011). However one definition that adds a more positive facet view on accountability is that â€Å" it is an inherent confidence as a professional that allows a nurse to take pride in being transparent about the way he or she has carried out their practice† (Caulfield, 2005, p.3). There are systems that are put into place throughout our workplace, these can often govern the care we give our patients; it can also have an impact on the quality in which we deliver this care. However despite this professional accountability is an individual responsibility that is also parallel with duty of care in law. Our governing body of nursing regards professional responsibility and accountability to be at the core of high quality nursing. Neglect, medication errors, poor record keeping and communication problems are the commonest issues, and all told account for almost 60% of cases heard before the fitness to practice panel (NMC, 2010a). This report also identified record keeping as the fourth most common allegation in fitness to practice cases, which is why the current record keeping guidance in place by NMC, is under review. As this report has shown there is definitely a lack of value to documentation shown by nurses, this is perhaps because nurses may feel it is too time consuming and takes away the time we need for our patients. There is also perhaps a negative perception in terms of the importance of record keeping. However the public and our patients expect nurses to be working to a certain level of competence and high standards. This is why the Royal College of Nursing (2010) drew up principles of nursing practice, and within this they stipulate that nurses should take responsibility for the care they carry out, and answer for their own judgements and action. This is to be carried out in accordance with the law and our professional governing body. These principles incorporate the thesis of accountability. In terms of record keeping the principles suggest that nurses are pivotal to the communication process, this is due to recording and reporting on treatment and care that is required. Information th at is not available or written can have an influence on the practice that other healthcare professionals give and the effectiveness of that practice. As the registered nurses role expands, their responsibility becomes greater and so does the level of risk management and legal accountability. Once a healthcare worker adopts obligation for care of a patient, they are legally bound to this through duty of care. This can apply when performing complex tasks or more straightforward tasks such as record keeping. Additionally, where the task has been delegated by another healthcare professional or more senior practitioner, on whom overall accountability lies; there is also a duty of care that lies with that individual to delegate appropriately and effectively. This is mirrored by the NMC (2008) standards of conduct and other care professional organisations. Also in relation to accountability the Essence of Care (2010) document benchmarks best practice required for record keeping. It specifies that staff to be competent to generate, use and sustain care records, together with the aptitude to keep precise, comprehensive care records. Ethics Ethics is a philosophy which determines right and wrong in relation to a person’s decisions or actions. However in nursing this can often compete with other realities and pressures, such as time constraints and the increasing responsibilities that are put upon nurses, such as record keeping. How we interpret ethics is individual, like our morals and beliefs, however ethics are universal and is often implied within our laws and standards of practice. Our governing body the NMC does not mention anything precisely in relation to ethics within the code of conduct, but implies it through the standards and rules that they have set in place. One major ethical issue is that of confidentiality. The Caldicott Report (1997 cited by Department of Health (DOH) 1998) recognised flaws in the way parts of the NHS conducted confidential patient records. They had worries about the quantity of personal material that was being moved and the competence of the of NHS to create a boundary, in which this information was only accessed by those that needed to know. The Caldicott Committee made numerous recommendations and focused on initialising certain frameworks to avoid this occurring. Part of this was to hold NHS organisations responsible for bettering their confidentiality systems and confidentiality breaches. Good record keeping will play a key role in achieving this. They did this by setting out six key principles, which entails justifying the purpose in which you are using that information, not to use that information unless necessary and keep the usage to a minimum, and you should be aware of the responsibilities you have when acc essing that information and understand and obey the law (DOH, 2010). However, although maintaining and protecting patient’s privacy and confidentiality is a matter of law and is governed by our regulating body of nursing.   The Royal College Nursing (2009) thinks that distributing data about patients, taking into account safeguarding, is a vital part of nursing and is important for multi-disciplinary treatment. It is not just a case of one person providing all the care needed every time, and the communication of important information to other health professional is central in relation patient safety and continuity of care.   In order to provide this continuity it is vital that record keeping be precise and exact. Beauchamp and Childress (2008) offer four principles that they believe can structure a guide in ethical decision-making; Autonomy, Non-maleficence, Beneficence and Justice. They consider these four principles to lie at the core of nursing and health care. Non-Maleficence requires that no harm be caused to any patient either intentionally or deliberately. However non-maleficence is not an ethical value on its own, but a concept incorporated by the ethics of beneficence. Not doing harm inevitably means you are doing good .Poor recording keeping could be deemed as clinical negligence and therefore is a breach of duty of care and could lead to harm of a patient. The NMC (2010b) regards safeguarding as part of daily nursing practice so therefore, as a nurse in these environments you should have the skills to realise when something is inappropriate, this could be where an individual in your care is at risk of injury, mistreatment or neglect, including poor practice. This is also the ethical issue in relation to autonomy within record keeping. This gives the patient to freedom to make their own decisions, and in terms of record keeping patients have access to the material they want, to make decisions about their care. They have more control over their own care records. The NHS Published Equality and Excellence (2010) specifying that this is empowering and enabling patients to discuss their care with nurses and get involved in decision making. Justice is about treating individuals fairly and equally and requires nurses to be non- judgemental. Justice is also a concept of fairness. Seedhouse (2009) suggests that there three versions of fairness in justice which are part the overall notion of justice, these are to each according to his rights, what he deserves, and according to his need. Based upon this it is important in record keeping to remember that we must record an evaluation of care that is individual to the patient. It is about our professional judgement on this patient not our personal one. Law The law does not generally advocate who should perform what role or tasks we perform, although there are numerous exceptions, the law does however compel a registered practitioner to abide by a duty of care. This is applies to any healthcare worker that could potentially cause harm to a patient. Once a law is enforced there is a certain standard of care expected of nurses performing certain duties or tasks, like record keeping. The legal standard is appraised by that of a conventional skilled practitioner performing that task or role (Cox, 2010). In relation to particular tasks such as record keeping the courts will apply common sense in establishing the appropriate standard needed. Poor record keeping are inexcusable by the standards of any rational individual. A health professional’s record keeping is the only legal form communication that can be used as evidence of care taking place. Effective record keeping protects a nurse from having to give testimony of their profession al accountability. The courts adopt the attitude that if an action has not been recorded it has simply not taken place (Owen, 2005). Often in circumstances such as discrepancies within record keeping the Bolam Test can be used. The Bolam Test (1957 cited by Robertson 1981) was introduced to establish principles of professional practice, this can be used to judge as to whether any defects or errors have been made, which could have lead to the suffering or harm to that patient. There is numerous legislation within nursing that govern our power and limitations, particularly in relation to the handling and processing of information, which impacts upon record keeping in the process. One key legislation is that of the Data Protection Act (1998). This is the main act in the United Kingdom that protects our personal data and controls the handling of that personal data for both patients and staff. The act requires a healthcare professional to obey the eight principles, in which it encourages equality and honesty when handling particular information. These principles are also there to ensure that data is processed lawfully in accordance with the act. Another piece of legislation that applies to record keeping is the NHS Code of Practice. The Department of Health NHS Code of Practice (2003, p.7) states that â€Å"a duty of confidence arises when one person discloses information to another in circumstances where it is reasonable to expect that the information will be held in confidence. It is a legal obligation that is derived from case law; and is a requirement established within professional codes of conduct†. Our NMC (2008) code of conduct is underpinned by law. It requires us as registered nurses to act lawfully, whether those laws apply to either our professional practice or personal life. Information governance plays a big part within record keeping. Information governance is comprised of a set of principles that the National Health Service (NHS) has to obey to make ensure they maintain complete and precise records of care. They must also keep there records confidential, protected and accurate. This is where the NHS Care Record Guarantee comes in Play. It explains the NHS promise, which is to only use patient’s records in a way that is respectful to their rights and promotes their health and well being. The guarantee ensures that the people who care for our records maintain them in a confidential, secure and accurate manor and to provide information that can be accessed easily (NHS, 2005). The Human Rights Act (1998) exists to protect our civil rights in the United Kingdom (UK) and to increase our understanding of the basic principles and values we share. Anyone in the UK for any reason has elemental human rights. Article 8 of that act, the right to respect for private and family life, is the most relevant in terms of information governance within record keeping. Article 8 reflects the common law duty of confidentiality. If data is inaptly divulged, the person can take legal action. Patient information must be held confidentially and securely. Conclusion In conclusion accountability, ethics and the law are a fundamental and integral part of nursing. Focusing on these key matters helps establish boundaries and principles, in which we can apply to become safer and more competent accountable practitioners Our duty of care bounds us legally and ethically, and also through accountability, to provide accurate record keeping throughout our healthcare system. This is why an awareness of professional codes of practice, ethical decision making and an understanding of accountability and anti-discriminatory concepts, will help strengthen a nurse’s ability to provide impeccable record keeping. The benefits to good record keeping means that patient care will be consistent and that is not compromised.   Both registered nurses and student nurses need to be supported and urged to regard record keeping as having a constructive impact of a patient’s care, rather then just an inconvenience that has to be endured.

Week 8 discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 8 discussion - Essay Example As such, the relevant parties had to ensure that the test they use fulfils the student’s language requirements. Indeed, FAIR does an astute job for K-2 students because it covers all language requirements according to the VPK Florida Education standards. As earlier mentioned, language is the foundation for all other learning in children. The high illiteracy standards for ELL students among other factors necessitates that they get special attention even when formulating tests. That said, the summary given on the slides regarding strategies for teaching English Language Learners (ELL) students is very crucial as it highlights the core of ELL requirements not only in view f language but also in other subjects. The K-2 test has numerous benefits aside from being valid and reliable. It also creates a forum upon which educators revise curricular objectives and, therefore, ensure that they cover all the students needs. The fact that testing occurs three times a year allows educators to test the success of previous objectives. In addition, the one-to-one strategy allows for identification of unique and subjective discrepancies that would otherwise fall through both cracks. However, I believe that educators should pair this test with a form of continuous assessment to analyze the progress of students in natural â€Å"non-test†

Demonstrate that Gatsby's dream (in the great gatsby novel) never has Essay

Demonstrate that Gatsby's dream (in the great gatsby novel) never has a chance because Daisy's nature ultimately resembles Tom's more then Gatsby's - Essay Example He goes to the extent of acquiring wealth in very dishonest ways just to win Daisy’s love. Gatsbys way of acquiring his wealth is not straight forward. He gambles a lot and he has been involved in corruption cases. He even goes to the extent of venturing in bootlegging. He wants to be with Daisy just for the reason of her established wealth as seen from his referring her voice as, â€Å"Her voice is full of money.† His ambition of acquiring wealth to win Daisy over Tom is a good evidence of his addiction driving him mad as he claims it’s â€Å"the orgiastic future.† (Fitzgerald 189) For Myrtle, she has an ambition to be happy with another and not her husband George, therefore, she goes to the extremes of loving another man. She wants to be with a man who is wealthy and authoritative. She believes Tom is what she always has desired to have in life for a husband. She even stands Tom’s beating since to her this is equal to his masculinity. Her ambition of having someone like Tom for a husband has driven her mad with obsession. This can be proved by her being disappointed after their wedding with George when she says, â€Å"He borrowed somebodys best suit to get married in, and never told me about it, and the man came after it one day when he was out,† she goes ahead saying, â€Å"I gave it to him and then I lay down and cried...all afternoon,† to show that she never expected to marry a poor man (Fitzgerald 35). The level of Gatsby’s ambition driving him mad can be seen in the situation that he even goes to the extent of creating a fantasy world, whereby he is very rich and powerful. According to Gatsby, his definition of a wealthy American is through being an excessive consumer and having excess material wealth. He believes that dressing flamboyantly and owning a very huge mansion is the key to a happy life of which the narrator in the novel puts as â€Å"youth and mystery that

Cultural development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cultural development - Essay Example It is evident from the study that Cultural Development theories strive to describe the quality changes in the framework and structure of society, which help its members realize their aims and objectives. Cultural development does not only entail the integration of new programs and policies in the society, but it also includes the process of social change. Physical Stage is mainly marked with the domination of physical aspects of the human personality. At this stage, people are required to adhere and follow tradition strictly, and only little change and innovation are required. Society in this stage is mainly meant for survival and subsistence. Land is the most outstanding resource, and wealth is weighed on the size of land holdings. During this stage, money and commerce play minor roles, and experimental and innovative approaches are discouraged. Church and religious beliefs are responsible for introducing new technological knowledge into the society. Professional skills are passed d own from the parents to the children. Vital Stage is marked with change and dynamism. Society becomes adventurous and innovative thereby expanding its activities. The society transforms from stressing on interactions with the physical environment to emphasizing on the social interactions between people. Agriculture, which is the main economic activity at this stage is fueled by trade. New programs and policies that encourage commerce and trade are introduced into the society. Experimental and innovative approaches are encouraged, and demand for knowledge and skills rise. This is the stage where people begin to strive to acquire leisure and luxury, which were not attainable when the society was at subsistence level (Johnson & Lewis 48). Mental Stage This stage is characterized by the social, political and practical application of mind. At this stage, the society emphasizes on education, technology and inventions. New social organizations, political systems, human rights and democrati c movements are created (Johnson & Lewis 67). People are also allowed to interact with God directly without the mediation of church leaders. Mental stage is fueled by technological advancements such as telecommunication, air travel, modern roads and networking (Johnson & Lewis 68). Technical Development Technical change is a process that is characterized by three main stages that include invention, innovation and diffusion of processes (Johnson & Lewis 54). Invention Invention refers to the breakthrough in technology or the creation of new things (Johnson & Lewis 26). It involves the creation of new idea that had not been created or discovered by anyone else. Everett Rogers indentified five elements of an innovation, which impact the extent of its effectiveness. They include compatibility, trialability, complexity, observability, and relative advantage (Johnson & Lewis 111). Innovation Innovation entails the development of an inventive idea to create refined and leaned products and services (Johnson & Lewis 124). This is the stage that proves or fails the worthiness of an inventive idea. It is less risky than invention because it deals with known quantities, qualities and parameters (Johnson & Lewis 127). For example, the availability of personal computers has aided the creation of Software that human has also used to

Determination of Partition Coefficient

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Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Revolution started in the 1700’s and was a great time period in the history of earth. It paved the way for more efficient industries and was the first step towards urbanization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Great Britain, a large rural society, had many farms. Farming took a lot of time out of the day of the people; they needed to invent something more efficient to work on their farms. Jethro Tull invented the seed drill and the plough. The seed drill increased the percent of seeds that germinated, it spaced them out equally instead of the old method of taking a handful of seeds and throwing them all over the field. The plough turned the dirt over to be able to use the nutrients under the old crop. Another agricultural inventor was Charles Townshend. He thought up the idea of the four crop rotation instead of the one in use at that time, the three crop rotation. In this way, they had two crops to feed their livestock, which increased the nutrients in the soil, and they had two basic crops to feed themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Revolution took place in Britain because of the large rural societies. After those main agricultural inventions, the plough and seed drill, the farmers wanted more land. They were only given a small square on which they could farm. The farmers that wanted more land received it, and therefore made a prosperous living. But the workers who were still on the small pieces of land couldn’t make as good as a living like the farmers with the big fields. This put them out of a job, which was ironically another big step in the Industrial Revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The out of work farmers, needing a job to survive, found work at factories being built by wealthy land owners. These factories were placed in very significant spots, by rivers.

Examples in “The Brutal Business of Boxing”

â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing† written by author John Head, uses all three forms of examples: the extended example, the sentence length example, and the single example. The extended example lies in the form of the entire essay. The entire essay is a description of one person is specific, where physical and personality characteristics are developed paragraph by paragraph. Due to the fact that the descriptions are centered on one person, this is an extended example.However, sentence length examples are included in every paragraph. Every paragraph in the essay is quite short and centers on providing information around the central topic of the essay, Muhammad Ali. The author uses single examples most often in the essay. Some examples of this are: â€Å"confident, articulate, charismatic† (par. 2); â€Å"lightning quick jabs† (par. 4); and â€Å"slow shuffle† (par. 6). These single examples highlight the character traits that the author would like the rea der to envision.â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing† uses all three types of examples throughout the essay to develop it. The entire essay is an extended example; each paragraph contains sentence level examples, and each sentence contains colorful single examples. The essay is a wonderful and multi leveled model of an example essay. Reference Head, John. â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing. † Found in Wordsmith:A Guide to Writing. 3rd ed. by Pamela Arlov. Prentice Hall: NJ. 2006. p. 589-90.

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essays

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essays Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Optimization utilizing response surface methodological analysis for the extractions of phenoplasts from Citrus hystrix foliage was carried out by supercritical fluid extraction. The effects of CO2 rate, extraction force per unit area and extraction temperature on output, entire phenolic content and Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl-IC50 were evaluated and compared with ethanol extraction. Ethanol infusions and optimal SFE conditions were analysed with HPLC. Among the three variables studied, extraction force per unit area had the most important influence on the output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of the infusions, followed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. The optimal conditions of force per unit area, CO2 rate and temperature were at 267 bars, 18 g/min and 50oC, severally. The output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 obtained were 5.06 % , 116.53 milligram GAE/g infusion and IC50 of 0.063 mg/ml, severally. These values were moderately near to their opposite number of predicted ( p gt ; 0.05 ) . Better suppress ion and TPC were obtained utilizing SFE method whereas higher output and phenolic acids were observed with ethanol extraction. The nerve-racking life manner and less balanced nutrient consumption globally partly due to high concentrations of free lipid groups, both in nutrient ( in vitro ) and in vivo after nutrient consumption has given to the demand to look at antioxidants as a functional ingredient in nutrient. Man-made antioxidants such as, butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) , butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tertiary- butyl hydro-quanone ( TBHQ ) and propyl gallate ( PG ) , are conventional nutrient antioxidants. Due to safety issues, consumer concerns and increasing regulative examination ( ( Jamilah et al. , 2009 ; Shahidi. , 1997 ) refering man-made antioxidants, the possibility of natural antioxidants as options is sharply researched. The foliages of Citrus hystrix, known locally as, Limau purut, is used in many Malayan and South-East Asiatic part local dishes and medicative readyings. C.hystrix as a possible new beginning of natural antioxidant was reported by Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) , Ching and Mo hamed ( 2001 ) , Jaswir et Al. ( 2004 ) , Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) , Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) and Butryee et Al. ( 2009 ) . All infusions were extracted utilizing the conventional dissolvers such as, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, propanone and H2O. To bring forth infusions of high phenolic content and rich in antioxidants from C. hystrix foliages, requires high extraction efficiency influenced by factors such as atom size, extraction methods, solvent type, solvent concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, force per unit area and clip ( Banik et al, 2007 ; Lang et al. , 2001 ; Pinelo et al. , 2005 ; Silva et al. , 2007 ) . Steam distillment and organic dissolver extraction utilizing infiltration, maceration and Soxhlet techniques are conventionally used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from works beginnings. They are non efficient and economical and this can be overcome by utilizing the supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) procedure ( Bimakr et al. , 2009 ) . Carbon dioxide ( critical temperature, force per unit area and denseness ~ 31.18 oC, 72.0 saloon ; 0.47 gcm-3, severally ) is safe, residue free, non-flammable, in expensive and environmentally- friendly ( Pyo and Oo, 2007 ) . The optimisation of supercritical fluids for the extraction of natural antioxidants and phenolic compounds from the foliages of C.hystrix has non been reported. Hence, this survey was carried out with the aim of optimising the extraction of the antioxidant and phenolic acids from the foliages of C. hystrix utilizing supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) fluid extraction by changing and/or repairing known variables associated with the extraction techniques. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Reagents used Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent ( FCR ) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) were purchased from Sigma ( St Louis MO USA ) . Carbone dioxide, ( pureness 99.99 % ) , incorporating in a Carbone dioxide dip tubing cylinder, was purchased from Malayan Oxygen ( MOX ) , Malaysia. Absolute ethyl alcohol ( 99.4 % , analytical class ) , the qualifier for SC-CO2 procedure, acetonitrile and methyl alcohol ( HPLC class ) as the nomadic stage for HPLC and phenolic acids criterions ( vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, Gallic acid and sinapic acid ) were purchased from Fisher Scientific Chemical ( Loughborough, England ) . All other chemicals used were either analytical or HPLC class. 2.2 Preparation of Sample The foliages of C. hystrix were obtained from Pasar Borong, a whole sale market at Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. Upon reaching at the research lab, foliages were sorted, washed under running tap H2O, oven dried at 40A °C for 24h and stored at ambient temperature off from the visible radiation. The dried foliages were land merely before extraction in a liquidizer ( MX-335, Panasonic, Malaysia ) for 10s to bring forth a pulverization with an approximative atom size of 0.5mm ( Bimak et al. , 2009 ) . 2.3 Solvent Extraction The phenolic compounds in the C. hystrix leaves powder were extracted harmonizing to Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) with little alterations. The first measure involved soaking the pulverization in 95 % ethyl alcohol for 24h at 50oC at an ethyl alcohol to flick ratio of 10:1 ( v/w ) . The petroleum infusion was so filtered and concentrated by vaporizing at 40oC in the rotary evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) .When the ethyl alcohol was evaporated off the concentrated infusion was transferred into brown glass bottles, flushed with N and kept at 25oC until usage. The extraction was carried out in triplicate 2.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) Extraction Supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) fluid extraction utilizing the supercritical fluid extractor ( ABRP200, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ) , with a 500 milliliter extractor vas attached, was carried out harmonizing to Bimark et Al. ( 2009 ) with little alterations. The flow rate of CO2 and modifier, extraction temperature, force per unit area and clip were adjusted utilizing ICE package coupled with the supercritical fluid extractor. The liquid CO2 was pressurized and heated to the coveted force per unit area and temperature with the assistance of force per unit area pump ( P-50, Pittsburg, PA, USA ) to make the supercritical province prior to go throughing it into the extraction vas. Absolute ethyl alcohol was used as the qualifier to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages and fixed at a flow rate of 3 milliliters / min for all experimental processs. The continuance of the inactive extraction clip was fixed at 30 min, while the dynamic extraction clip was changeless at 9 0 min. Fifty gms of C. hystrix foliages ( pulverization ) was assorted with 150g glass beads ( 2.0 millimeter in diameters ) to systematize the flow rate and the mixture was placed in the extractor vas. The extraction was so performed under assorted experimental conditions as generated by the response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) design. EtOH was removed from the infusions by vacuity vaporization utilizing a rotary evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) at 40 A °C. The infusions were collected in the unit of ammunition bottle flask ( warped with aluminum foil to minimise light exposure and therefore oxidization ) and so placed in the oven at 40A °C for 30 min before being transferred into desiccators for concluding changeless weight. Infusions were transferred into brown glass bottles, flashed with N and stored in a deep-freeze of -25A °C until farther analysis. The extractions were carried out in extras. 2.5 Determination of Total Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The entire phenolic content of C.hystrix foliage infusions was determined utilizing the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent harmonizing to the method described by Singletone et Al. ( 1999 ) . An aliquot of the infusion ( 0.5mL ) was put in 0.5mL of Folin reagent, under dim visible radiation before 10mL ( 7 % ) of Na carbonate was added. The mixture was so left in the dark for 60A min. The optical density of the mixture was measured against EtOH ( space ) at 725A nanometers by utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The standardization equation for Gallic acid, expressed as Gallic acid equivalent ( GAE ) in mg/g infusion, was y = 0.0064x + 0.0093 ( R2 = 0.9972 ) . 2.6 Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Free extremist scavenging activity of C.hystrix foliage infusions was measured harmonizing to the process described by Ramadan et Al. ( 2006 ) with little alterations. A 0.1A milliliter aliquot of toluenic sample solution at different concentrations was added with 0.39A milliliters of fresh toluenic 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) solution ( 0.1A millimeter ) . Triplicates were carried out for each concentration. The mixtures were shaken smartly and left in the dark for 60A min and optical density was read against pure methylbenzene ( clean ) at 515A nanometers utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The free extremist scavenging activity of infusions was calculated as follows: % Inhibition = ( [ Acontrol-Asample ] /Acontrol ) *100 Where AcontrolA =A optical density of the control reaction ( incorporating all reagents except samples ) ; AsampleA =A optical density of the trial compound. Determination of IC50 in this trial was defined as the concentration of the infusion that was able to suppress 50 % of the entire DPPH groups. IC50 of the sample was expressed in mg/mL and calculated through the insertion of additive arrested development analysis ( Brand-Williams et al. , 1995 ) 2.7 Determination of Phenolic acids The phenolic acids of the C.hystrix foliage infusions that were obtained from the optimal SC-CO2 conditions ( optimum of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 ) were analysed by a high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) , [ Agilent Technologies 1200 series theoretical account, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany ] equipped with Diode Array Detector ( DAD ) , and sensing at 254nm. The HPLC parametric quantities were modified from Anderson et Al. ( 1983 ) . The column temperature used was 30A °C at a maximal temperature 35A °C and the column used was Crespak RP C18S RP C18 ( 150mm L* 4.6mm ID, JASCO ) . The dissolvers were of HPLC class ( Fisher Scientific Chemical, Loughborough, England ) . All dissolvers were filtered through a cellulose nitrate membrane filters ( 0.45 A µm ) . Flow rate of nomadic stages used were 1.5ml/min for 25 % acetonitrile in formic acid-water ( 0.5:99.5 ) , run isocratically. The infusions were foremost filtered through 0.2 A µm nylon ( NYL ) filter, ( Whatman ) for the remotion of drosss and unwanted compounds. The injection volume used was 20A µL with extras for each of the SC-CO2 optimal conditions and ethanol infusions. The criterions used were vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and sinapic acid ( Fisher Scientific Chemical Loughborough, England ) . Designation and quantification of phenolic acids in the infusions were based on the standard curves of the criterions every bit good as their extremums keeping times. 2.8 Experimental design and statistical analysis Response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) was used to find the optimal conditions for the output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 in C.hystrix foliage infusions. The experimental design and statistical analysis were carried out utilizing the statistical package ( MINITAB let go of 14 ) . Central composite design was chosen to measure the joint consequence of three independent variables CO2 rate, extraction temperature and force per unit area, coded as X1, X2 and X3, severally. The minimal and maximal values for CO2 rate were set at 15 and 25 g/min, extraction temperature between 40 and 60 oC and force per unit area between 100 and 300 bars. The dependent values were yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50. For optimisation, output and TPC were maximized to accomplish highest values and loswest value for DPPH-IC50. The whole design consisted of 20 combinations including six replicates of the Centre point ( Table 1 ) ( Myers A ; Montgomery, 2002 ) . The ANOVA tabular arraies were generated and the consequence and arrested development coefficients of single linear, quadratic and interaction footings were determined. The significances of all footings in the multinomial were analyzed statistically by calculating the F-value at a chance ( P ) of 0.001, 0.01 or 0.05. The statistically found non-significant ( p gt ; 0.05 ) footings were removed from the initial theoretical accounts and merely important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) factors were involved in the concluding reduced theoretical account. It should be noted that non-significant additive footings were kept in the decreased theoretical account in instances where their quadratic or interaction footings were important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) ( Mirhosseini et al. , 2009 ) . Experimental informations were fitted to the undermentioned 2nd order multinomial theoreti cal account and arrested development coefficients were obtained harmonizing to the generalized second-order multinomial theoretical account proposed for the response surface analysis, given as follows Where I?0, I?i, I?ii, I?ij were arrested development coefficients for intercept, additive, quadratic and interaction footings, severally. Eleven and Xj were coded values of the independent variables, while K equaled to the figure of the tried factors ( k=3 ) . 3. Consequences and Discussion 3.1 Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) Analysiss 3.1.1 Model Fitness Based on the scopes set for the identified parametric quantities, 20 trails of each parametric quantity, including six replicates of the Centre points that influence Yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 were selected. In this survey, the lower and upper values for the variables were set at +alpha ( +I ±=1.633 ) and -alpha ( -I ±=1.633 ) and so all the factor degrees were chosen within the bounds that were practical with SFE ( above critical tempHYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_temperature eratureA of 31A °C andA critical pressureA of 72A saloon ) and desirable. The experimental and predicted values for responses under the different combinations of extraction conditions via SC-CO2 extractions were as in Table ( 1 ) . The consequences indicated that output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 obtained, ranged from 0.4- 5 % , 15 128.9 milligram GAE/g infusion and 0.065 0.300 mg/ml, severally. By using multiple arrested development analysis, relationships between the tried parametric quantities and the responses were explained in equations 2, 3, and 4 for output, TPC and DPPH-IC50, severally. The fittingness of response map and experimental information was evaluated from the one-dimensionality, quadratic and arrested development coefficients of independent variables as shown in Table 2. The ANOVA of arrested development theoretical account showed that the theoretical accounts were perceptibly important due to the highly low chance value ( P lt ; 0.001 ) . The coefficient of finding ( R2 ) and significance of deficiency of fittingness was farther evaluated to look into the fittingness and theoretical account adequateness. The R2 equal to the integrity or a†°? 0.8, is desirable. R2 values for the arrested development theoretical account of output, TPC, and DPPH-IC50, were 0.935, 0.95, and 0.96, severally, which were close to 1 ( Table 2 ) . Therefore, bespeaking that t he predicted 2nd order multinomial theoretical accounts fitted good with the system. The values of adjusted R2 ( corrected value for R2 after the riddance of the unneeded theoretical account footings ) of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 were besides really high, therefore proposing the high significance of the theoretical account ( 0.897, 0.92 and 0.93 ) . The coincident addition of both R2 and adjusted R2 plus the absence of any deficiency of tantrum ( p gt ; 0.05 ) in our information has proved its credibleness and theoretical account adequateness. The multiple arrested development consequences and the significance of arrested development coefficients yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 theoretical accounts were as shown in Table 3. It could be observed that both the linear and quadratic term of all parametric quantities significantly ( p lt ; 0.05 ) effected the output, TPC and DPPH -IC50, nevertheless, CO2 rate did non significantly impact the DPPH-IC50 where temperature consequence on TPC was merely important in quadratic mode to stay in the theoretical account ( Table 3 ) . The undermentioned arrested development equations showed the concluding reduced theoretical accounts fitted for the parametric quantities and their responses. Yield= 3.33 + 0.142 X1 + 0.164X2 + 0.00735X3- 0.00669X12 0.00218 X22 0.000025 X32 Eq ( 2 ) TPC = 909 + 25.4 X1 + 25.6 X2 + 1.54 X3 0.668 X12 0.250 X22- 0.00278 X32 Eq ( 3 ) DPPH-IC50= 0.604 X2 0.0177 X3 + 0.00559 X22 + 0.000031 X32 Eq ( 4 ) 3.1.2 Verification of theoretical accounts The rightness of the response surface equation was tested by the rating of experimental and predicted values from the reduced response arrested development theoretical accounts. A close understanding between the experimental and predicted values ( Table1 ) was noted. No important ( p gt ; 0.05 ) difference was observed between those values, proposing the equal fittingness of the response equations. 3.2 Influence of Pressure, CO2 Rate and Temperature on SC-CO2 Extraction efficiency Figure 1 ( a ) showed the 3-dimensional response surface secret plans by showing the response in the map of two factors and maintaining the temperature at its in-between degree ( 50oC ) . It showed a higher output in the part of extraction force per unit area between 190 to 300 bars and at CO2 rate of 12 to 17g/min. Both extraction force per unit area and CO2 rate exhibited important additive and quadratic effects on output as shown Table ( 3 ) . The output was optimum at approximately 14.8g / min CO2 flow rate and at force per unit area of 320 bars. Eextraction force per unit area was more influential than CO2 rate as reflected by its higher linear and quadratic coefficients ( I?3=0.65819 ; I?33 = -0.25168 ) compared to the latter ( I?1= -0.35060 ; I?11=-0.16731 ) . In supercritical fluid extraction ( SFE ) , increased force per unit areas consequence in, increased solvent denseness and solvent power of fluid which may take to higher extraction outputs, on the other manus, increased pure CO2 rate under SFE is a good dissolver for lipotropic compounds ( non- polar ) but is hapless for phenoplasts ( polar ) ( Martinez, 2007 ) . Therefore, modifier ( ethyl alcohol ) was used to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages. Figure 1 ( B ) showed the effects of extraction force per unit area and extraction temperature on output at changeless CO2 rate of 20 g/min. Extraction force per unit area displayed a really important ( p lt ; 0.001 ) on the output in additive and quadratic mode as besides shown in Table ( 3 ) . At force per unit area of a†°?140 and temperature non transcending 47oC output increased, nevertheless with farther addition in the temperature the output showed a lessening which is most likely due to the reduced denseness of CO2. The relationship of CO2 rate and extraction temperature with output was plotted in Figure 1 ( degree Celsius ) . Both the parametric quantities exhibited important additive and quadratic consequence ( P lt ; 0.05 ) on output. The output increased quickly with diminishing CO2 rate up to 13 g/m and this followed by a little lessening thenceforth. By uniting all the consequences presented in Figure 1, it was obvious that extraction force per unit area had the most critical impact on output of the infusion followed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. 3.3 Entire Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The TPC of the infusion was as shown in Figure 2. Depending on the force per unit area, temperature and CO2 rate, the TPC of the infusion ranged from 15.0 to 128.9 milligrams GAE/g infusion. No available literature study could be be used for comparing for the SC-CO2 extraction method ; nevertheless, Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) reported that TPC of the infusions was about 103.2 milligrams GAE/g infusion which was somewhat lower than our EtOH extracted TPC ( 112.7 milligram GAE per g infusion ) . Moderate degrees of the selected independent variables of SC-CO2 infusions ( run order 7, 10, 12, and 17, Table 1 ) reflected higher TPC of the C.hystrix foliage infusions than our EtOH extraction every bit good as Idris s ; this may hold something to make with possible partial debasement of the extracted compounds due to long extraction clip when conventional extraction methods are to be used. With SC-CO2 method the extraction clip ( 90 min ) was unusually shorter than that of EtOH extraction ( gt ; 20 H ) . 3.4 Free Radical Scavenging Activity Figure 3 demonstrated the consequence of temperature and force per unit area on the scavenging belongings of the C.hystrix leave infusions. The antioxidant activity of the infusions, determined by the IC50 of extremist scavenging belongingss of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ( DPPH-IC50 ) , was found to be high at mean degree of temperature and comparatively increased phases of force per unit area i.e. DPPH-IC50 of the infusions bit by bit decreased with the addition of extraction temperature and force per unit area up to 50 A °C and 314 bars, severally to accomplish optimal value of IC50 at 0.0585 before it began to increase. The lesser the IC50, the stronger activity is the corresponding affair ( Mariod et al. , 2010 ) . Under the assay conditions employed here, the IC50 of BHA and I ±-tocopherol as a positive controls were 0.023mg/ml and 0.031mg/ml, severally, among the infusion run order 12, 9, and 16 ( table 1 ) possessed greater DPPH extremist scavenging activities with the lower I C50 values of 0.065, 0.08 and 0.085mg/ml, severally. This was in understanding to the findings of Idriss et Al. ( 2008 ) , where the activity of BHA was found to be higher than the sample. Compared to conventional solvent extraction method with the IC50 of 0.250 mg/ml ( Table 1 ) , it can be observed that SC-CO2 infusions demonstrated noteworthy DPPH radical-scavenging activity unusually greater than that of traditional extraction method. The IC50 values for CLE extracted by SC-CO2 ranged from 0.065 0.300 mg/ml depending on force per unit area and temperature where an addition in the force per unit area comparatively resulted in an addition in its antioxidant capacity. 3.5 Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Acids of the infusions. Out of seven standard phenolic acid solutions assorted, six have been detected in dissolver and supercritical C dioxide extraction of the infusions ( table 4 ) . By quantifying the sum of phenolic acids in the infusion, a considerable fluctuation between EtOH and SC-CO2 extraction was observed. Higher recovery of phenolic acids than that of SC-CO2 extraction was found utilizing 95 % EtOH as shown in Table ( 4 ) . The figure of polar map groups, e.g. hydroxyl groups, may hold influenced volatility of the solutes therefore finding their optimal extractability with SC-CO2 ( Lang and Wai, 2001 ) . For illustration, ( Stahl and Glatz, 1984 ) successfully extracted steroids with three hydroxyl groups below 300 bars but failed to pull out those steroids dwelling of four hydroxyl groups, or three hydroxyls and one acid group, or one phenolic hydroxyl with two other hydroxyl groups. Despite the difference in measure, the type of phenolic acids bing in the infusions for both EtOH and SC-CO2 ex traction methods remained changeless. Trans-cinnamic, M-coumeric and Vanillic acids represented as the prevailing phenolic acids, while P-coumeric, Benzoic and sinapic acids reasonably existed in the infusions ( Table 4 ) . 3.6 Decision The optimal conditions of force per unit area at 265 bars, temperature at 50oC and CO2 rate at 18 g/min was needed for higher SC-CO2 extraction of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of C.hystrix leave infusions. Of the three independent variables studied, extraction force per unit area was the most important factor act uponing on output, TPC and DPPH-IC50, flowed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. Higher sums of output and phenolic acids than SC-CO2, was found in solvent extraction. Nevertheless, SC-CO2 extracts exhibited high quality in antioxidant activity measured by IC50 of 1,1-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazylA ( DPPH ) and entire phenolic content ( TPC ) . Even though some good consequences was achieved with the traditional EtOH extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction showed faster and better extraction of C.hystrix foliages. Therefore, the green engineering, reclaimable CO2 could be an alternate method of extraction for superior antioxidants from C.hystrix foliages. Recognition The writers appreciate and thankful for the fiscal support received from the RMC, the University Putra Malaysia for this survey.