Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California

Table of Contents Factors Influencing the Supply and Demand of Nurses How Nurses Pay is Determined and Structured Towards Increasing the Supply of Nurses Reference List The healthcare system in the U.S. is largely dependent on the number of health professionals available in public and private healthcare facilities across the country. Nurses are at the core of the healthcare system by virtue of their role in the doctor-patient relationship, and hence their availability is fundamental if the country is to uphold an effective, competent, and efficient healthcare system (Rickles, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it has not been easy for many states to maintain the required number of nurses in their health facilities judging by the vastness of the healthcare sector and high level of specialization witnessed in the industry. This paper aims to use the article by Rickles et al (n.d.) titled ‘California Policy Options: Supplying California’s needs for Nurses’ to evaluate the labor market for nurses in California state. Factors Influencing the Supply and Demand of Nurses The demand and supply of nurses is influenced by a multiplicity of factors judging by their relative importance to the healthcare system. Indeed, analysts are of the opinion that the U.S. is not anywhere near satisfying the demand for more nurses, and a time when the supply of nurses will effectively deal with the demand can never be imagined as of yet (Rickles, n.d.). California’s shortage of qualified nurses is among the most relentless in the U.S. as many of the state’s health institutions experience great difficulty in the process of recruiting and retaining qualified nursing personnel (Rickles et al, n.d.). By 2005, California had an estimated 200,000 registered nurses, with credible projections suggesting that the state’s demand for registered nurses will stand at 300,000 by 2010 and 458,733 by 2030 (Rickles et al, n.d; Hausellberg, 2010). The above scenario can be attributed to a variety of factors that influence the dynamics of supply and demand of the nurses in the state. On the demand side, it can be safely argued that the demand for nurses in California has sharply risen in the past and will continue to steadily grow in the future due to the population’s ever rising demand for healthcare (Rickles et al, n.d.). The trend is that individuals residing in California are increasingly utilizing hospital facilities, with around 4 million patients being released from hospitals in 2003, a 7% increase from the figures recorded in 1998.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The total population of California has also expanded by at least 8% between 1998 and 200 3, and is projected to continue expanding in the future. Still, California’s elderly population is increasing by the day, impacting heavily on the demand of nurses since the elderly requires more medical attention than any other age-category. Other influences on the demand side include the reimbursement approaches employed by health insurance plans, federal regulations on nurse staffing ratios to meet the required nurse-to-patient ratios, aging of the Registered Nurse work force, natural attrition, and personal wealth (Rickles et al, n.d.). Influences that determine the supply of nurses into health facilities based in California seems so much constrained to meet the ever rising demand. The supply of nurses in California is mainly influenced by the duration of the nursing educational program, new graduates, input of retired nurses who may wish to return to active employment, external recruitment of nurses from other states, licensing requirements for new nurses, and sourcing o f nurses from other countries (Rickles et al, n.d.). Supply of nurses is also determined by the number of students nurturing an ambition or interest to train in nursing. Rickles et al (n.d.) posits that â€Å"†¦for the first part of the 20th century, licensed nursing was one of a few occupations widely open to women†¦As career opportunities expanded for women in the second half of that century, however, nursing had to compete with other attractive professions for new entrants† (p. 105). It is therefore prudent to argue that the enhanced labor market prospects for women have worked to diminish the supply of nurses. Lastly, the supply of nurses in California has been given a lifeline owing to the relaxation of some U.S. immigration regulations. How Nurses Pay is Determined and Structured The pay for nurses must be determined based on the local labor situation and the forces of supply and demand (Clanton, 2009). When a health facility faces a shortage of nurses as it i s the case in California, the net effect on the market equilibrium in competitive market situations would be an increase in nurses’ pay. Other factors that may influence the market equilibrium and hence determine the nurses pay include costs of living prevailing in the state, consumer price index (CPI), and fluctuations in the purchasing power of the American dollar (Rickles et al n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, federal regulations such as the nurse-to-patient ratios are likely to increase the nurses’ pay as states fight to attract more nurses to keep up with the set legislations. Lastly, the professional bodies representing the nurses may play a fundamental role in determining their pay. The pay structure for nurses in the state is determined by a number of factors, namely the level of education and experience, position in the labor force, duration of service, level of specialty, nationality, and station of duty (Rickles, n.d.). Towards Increasing the Supply of Nurses The concerned stakeholders need to offer more monetary and non-monetary incentives to attract more nurses and trigger more students to enroll in nursing schools. The federal government of California should step in to guide the labor market for nurses by offering more funds to schools for training purposes aimed at boosting supply. To further enhance supply, the central and federal governments should further relax immigration restrictions for qualified nurses from other countries to join the labor market (Rickles, n.d.). The retired nurses who have the capacity to continue in the service should be encouraged to apply through offering incentives such as bonuses and flexible working hours. Lastly, the government should chip in and assist the health facilities meet the escalating labor costs associated w ith enhancing the nurse-to patient ratio as per the regulations put in place (Clanton, 2009) Reference List Clanton, S. (2009). Nursing: Labor Market Research. Web. Rickles, J., Ong, P.M., Spetz, J. (n.d.). California policy options. Supplying California’s needs for Nurses. Web. Hausellberg, W. (2010). Registered nurses in California looking at a glowing demand. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Labor Market Research for Nurses in the State of California was written and submitted by user Orion N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness The WritePass Journal

The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness Introduction The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness Introduction AccountabilityEthicsLawConclusionRelated Introduction The focus of this assignment is to increase our awareness of the professional, ethical and legal issues that are associated with providing accountable health and social care. Once groups were formulated, and the scenario was decided, the group could discuss and draw focus areas both as a group and individually. A learning journal was kept using diary sheets which documented what was discussed.   The scenario that was chosen by the group was Eddie, based on the numerous ethical issues that arose. This assignment is going to concentrate on the issue of record keeping, and the way it impacts on the role of the accountable practitioner. As part of adult nursing there are various forms of record keeping that exists and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2009) stipulates good record keeping is a fundamental element of nursing practice, and is crucial to safe and effectual care. The NMC (2009) guidance for record keeping also specifies that your records should be accurate and recorded in such a way that the meaning is clear and you have a duty to communicate effectively with your colleagues. This was not present throughout this scenario as the constant lack misunderstandings and communication errors are what lead to the medication errors being made, resulting in actual harm to this patient. Caulfield (2005) talks about a framework of accountability based on four pillars, professional, ethical, legal and employment accountability, which takes into account our different understandings as to what accountability is all about. The key pillar within this is the presence of professional accountability, which is a fundamental aspect of nursing and sanctions nurses to work within a structure of practice and follow standards of conduct that preserve the patients trust. Its manifestation spearheaded the creation of our standards of conduct that exists within our governing body the NMC today. Accountability Accountability in terms of record keeping is the facilitation of good governance. There is no solitary source of accountability, as different organisations create different principles and guidelines. As a registered nurse we are obligated and duty-bound by a particular set of standards that govern our profession, this gives us our boundaries and restrictions in which we must work. This is supported by Griffith and Tengnah (2010) which acknowledge that as a registered nurse you will be lawfully and professionally answerable for your behaviour regardless of whether a person is following directives from another individual or using their own ingenuity. Accountability is often seen in practice as a rationalisation of ones actions, specifically in terms of distributing the blame. Blame Mentality can be destructive can often lead to a pessimistic view of accountability and its application in caring for patients and espousing staff (Scrivener, Hand and Hooper, 2011). However one definition that adds a more positive facet view on accountability is that â€Å" it is an inherent confidence as a professional that allows a nurse to take pride in being transparent about the way he or she has carried out their practice† (Caulfield, 2005, p.3). There are systems that are put into place throughout our workplace, these can often govern the care we give our patients; it can also have an impact on the quality in which we deliver this care. However despite this professional accountability is an individual responsibility that is also parallel with duty of care in law. Our governing body of nursing regards professional responsibility and accountability to be at the core of high quality nursing. Neglect, medication errors, poor record keeping and communication problems are the commonest issues, and all told account for almost 60% of cases heard before the fitness to practice panel (NMC, 2010a). This report also identified record keeping as the fourth most common allegation in fitness to practice cases, which is why the current record keeping guidance in place by NMC, is under review. As this report has shown there is definitely a lack of value to documentation shown by nurses, this is perhaps because nurses may feel it is too time consuming and takes away the time we need for our patients. There is also perhaps a negative perception in terms of the importance of record keeping. However the public and our patients expect nurses to be working to a certain level of competence and high standards. This is why the Royal College of Nursing (2010) drew up principles of nursing practice, and within this they stipulate that nurses should take responsibility for the care they carry out, and answer for their own judgements and action. This is to be carried out in accordance with the law and our professional governing body. These principles incorporate the thesis of accountability. In terms of record keeping the principles suggest that nurses are pivotal to the communication process, this is due to recording and reporting on treatment and care that is required. Information th at is not available or written can have an influence on the practice that other healthcare professionals give and the effectiveness of that practice. As the registered nurses role expands, their responsibility becomes greater and so does the level of risk management and legal accountability. Once a healthcare worker adopts obligation for care of a patient, they are legally bound to this through duty of care. This can apply when performing complex tasks or more straightforward tasks such as record keeping. Additionally, where the task has been delegated by another healthcare professional or more senior practitioner, on whom overall accountability lies; there is also a duty of care that lies with that individual to delegate appropriately and effectively. This is mirrored by the NMC (2008) standards of conduct and other care professional organisations. Also in relation to accountability the Essence of Care (2010) document benchmarks best practice required for record keeping. It specifies that staff to be competent to generate, use and sustain care records, together with the aptitude to keep precise, comprehensive care records. Ethics Ethics is a philosophy which determines right and wrong in relation to a person’s decisions or actions. However in nursing this can often compete with other realities and pressures, such as time constraints and the increasing responsibilities that are put upon nurses, such as record keeping. How we interpret ethics is individual, like our morals and beliefs, however ethics are universal and is often implied within our laws and standards of practice. Our governing body the NMC does not mention anything precisely in relation to ethics within the code of conduct, but implies it through the standards and rules that they have set in place. One major ethical issue is that of confidentiality. The Caldicott Report (1997 cited by Department of Health (DOH) 1998) recognised flaws in the way parts of the NHS conducted confidential patient records. They had worries about the quantity of personal material that was being moved and the competence of the of NHS to create a boundary, in which this information was only accessed by those that needed to know. The Caldicott Committee made numerous recommendations and focused on initialising certain frameworks to avoid this occurring. Part of this was to hold NHS organisations responsible for bettering their confidentiality systems and confidentiality breaches. Good record keeping will play a key role in achieving this. They did this by setting out six key principles, which entails justifying the purpose in which you are using that information, not to use that information unless necessary and keep the usage to a minimum, and you should be aware of the responsibilities you have when acc essing that information and understand and obey the law (DOH, 2010). However, although maintaining and protecting patient’s privacy and confidentiality is a matter of law and is governed by our regulating body of nursing.   The Royal College Nursing (2009) thinks that distributing data about patients, taking into account safeguarding, is a vital part of nursing and is important for multi-disciplinary treatment. It is not just a case of one person providing all the care needed every time, and the communication of important information to other health professional is central in relation patient safety and continuity of care.   In order to provide this continuity it is vital that record keeping be precise and exact. Beauchamp and Childress (2008) offer four principles that they believe can structure a guide in ethical decision-making; Autonomy, Non-maleficence, Beneficence and Justice. They consider these four principles to lie at the core of nursing and health care. Non-Maleficence requires that no harm be caused to any patient either intentionally or deliberately. However non-maleficence is not an ethical value on its own, but a concept incorporated by the ethics of beneficence. Not doing harm inevitably means you are doing good .Poor recording keeping could be deemed as clinical negligence and therefore is a breach of duty of care and could lead to harm of a patient. The NMC (2010b) regards safeguarding as part of daily nursing practice so therefore, as a nurse in these environments you should have the skills to realise when something is inappropriate, this could be where an individual in your care is at risk of injury, mistreatment or neglect, including poor practice. This is also the ethical issue in relation to autonomy within record keeping. This gives the patient to freedom to make their own decisions, and in terms of record keeping patients have access to the material they want, to make decisions about their care. They have more control over their own care records. The NHS Published Equality and Excellence (2010) specifying that this is empowering and enabling patients to discuss their care with nurses and get involved in decision making. Justice is about treating individuals fairly and equally and requires nurses to be non- judgemental. Justice is also a concept of fairness. Seedhouse (2009) suggests that there three versions of fairness in justice which are part the overall notion of justice, these are to each according to his rights, what he deserves, and according to his need. Based upon this it is important in record keeping to remember that we must record an evaluation of care that is individual to the patient. It is about our professional judgement on this patient not our personal one. Law The law does not generally advocate who should perform what role or tasks we perform, although there are numerous exceptions, the law does however compel a registered practitioner to abide by a duty of care. This is applies to any healthcare worker that could potentially cause harm to a patient. Once a law is enforced there is a certain standard of care expected of nurses performing certain duties or tasks, like record keeping. The legal standard is appraised by that of a conventional skilled practitioner performing that task or role (Cox, 2010). In relation to particular tasks such as record keeping the courts will apply common sense in establishing the appropriate standard needed. Poor record keeping are inexcusable by the standards of any rational individual. A health professional’s record keeping is the only legal form communication that can be used as evidence of care taking place. Effective record keeping protects a nurse from having to give testimony of their profession al accountability. The courts adopt the attitude that if an action has not been recorded it has simply not taken place (Owen, 2005). Often in circumstances such as discrepancies within record keeping the Bolam Test can be used. The Bolam Test (1957 cited by Robertson 1981) was introduced to establish principles of professional practice, this can be used to judge as to whether any defects or errors have been made, which could have lead to the suffering or harm to that patient. There is numerous legislation within nursing that govern our power and limitations, particularly in relation to the handling and processing of information, which impacts upon record keeping in the process. One key legislation is that of the Data Protection Act (1998). This is the main act in the United Kingdom that protects our personal data and controls the handling of that personal data for both patients and staff. The act requires a healthcare professional to obey the eight principles, in which it encourages equality and honesty when handling particular information. These principles are also there to ensure that data is processed lawfully in accordance with the act. Another piece of legislation that applies to record keeping is the NHS Code of Practice. The Department of Health NHS Code of Practice (2003, p.7) states that â€Å"a duty of confidence arises when one person discloses information to another in circumstances where it is reasonable to expect that the information will be held in confidence. It is a legal obligation that is derived from case law; and is a requirement established within professional codes of conduct†. Our NMC (2008) code of conduct is underpinned by law. It requires us as registered nurses to act lawfully, whether those laws apply to either our professional practice or personal life. Information governance plays a big part within record keeping. Information governance is comprised of a set of principles that the National Health Service (NHS) has to obey to make ensure they maintain complete and precise records of care. They must also keep there records confidential, protected and accurate. This is where the NHS Care Record Guarantee comes in Play. It explains the NHS promise, which is to only use patient’s records in a way that is respectful to their rights and promotes their health and well being. The guarantee ensures that the people who care for our records maintain them in a confidential, secure and accurate manor and to provide information that can be accessed easily (NHS, 2005). The Human Rights Act (1998) exists to protect our civil rights in the United Kingdom (UK) and to increase our understanding of the basic principles and values we share. Anyone in the UK for any reason has elemental human rights. Article 8 of that act, the right to respect for private and family life, is the most relevant in terms of information governance within record keeping. Article 8 reflects the common law duty of confidentiality. If data is inaptly divulged, the person can take legal action. Patient information must be held confidentially and securely. Conclusion In conclusion accountability, ethics and the law are a fundamental and integral part of nursing. Focusing on these key matters helps establish boundaries and principles, in which we can apply to become safer and more competent accountable practitioners Our duty of care bounds us legally and ethically, and also through accountability, to provide accurate record keeping throughout our healthcare system. This is why an awareness of professional codes of practice, ethical decision making and an understanding of accountability and anti-discriminatory concepts, will help strengthen a nurse’s ability to provide impeccable record keeping. The benefits to good record keeping means that patient care will be consistent and that is not compromised.   Both registered nurses and student nurses need to be supported and urged to regard record keeping as having a constructive impact of a patient’s care, rather then just an inconvenience that has to be endured.

Week 8 discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 8 discussion - Essay Example As such, the relevant parties had to ensure that the test they use fulfils the student’s language requirements. Indeed, FAIR does an astute job for K-2 students because it covers all language requirements according to the VPK Florida Education standards. As earlier mentioned, language is the foundation for all other learning in children. The high illiteracy standards for ELL students among other factors necessitates that they get special attention even when formulating tests. That said, the summary given on the slides regarding strategies for teaching English Language Learners (ELL) students is very crucial as it highlights the core of ELL requirements not only in view f language but also in other subjects. The K-2 test has numerous benefits aside from being valid and reliable. It also creates a forum upon which educators revise curricular objectives and, therefore, ensure that they cover all the students needs. The fact that testing occurs three times a year allows educators to test the success of previous objectives. In addition, the one-to-one strategy allows for identification of unique and subjective discrepancies that would otherwise fall through both cracks. However, I believe that educators should pair this test with a form of continuous assessment to analyze the progress of students in natural â€Å"non-test†

Demonstrate that Gatsby's dream (in the great gatsby novel) never has Essay

Demonstrate that Gatsby's dream (in the great gatsby novel) never has a chance because Daisy's nature ultimately resembles Tom's more then Gatsby's - Essay Example He goes to the extent of acquiring wealth in very dishonest ways just to win Daisy’s love. Gatsbys way of acquiring his wealth is not straight forward. He gambles a lot and he has been involved in corruption cases. He even goes to the extent of venturing in bootlegging. He wants to be with Daisy just for the reason of her established wealth as seen from his referring her voice as, â€Å"Her voice is full of money.† His ambition of acquiring wealth to win Daisy over Tom is a good evidence of his addiction driving him mad as he claims it’s â€Å"the orgiastic future.† (Fitzgerald 189) For Myrtle, she has an ambition to be happy with another and not her husband George, therefore, she goes to the extremes of loving another man. She wants to be with a man who is wealthy and authoritative. She believes Tom is what she always has desired to have in life for a husband. She even stands Tom’s beating since to her this is equal to his masculinity. Her ambition of having someone like Tom for a husband has driven her mad with obsession. This can be proved by her being disappointed after their wedding with George when she says, â€Å"He borrowed somebodys best suit to get married in, and never told me about it, and the man came after it one day when he was out,† she goes ahead saying, â€Å"I gave it to him and then I lay down and cried...all afternoon,† to show that she never expected to marry a poor man (Fitzgerald 35). The level of Gatsby’s ambition driving him mad can be seen in the situation that he even goes to the extent of creating a fantasy world, whereby he is very rich and powerful. According to Gatsby, his definition of a wealthy American is through being an excessive consumer and having excess material wealth. He believes that dressing flamboyantly and owning a very huge mansion is the key to a happy life of which the narrator in the novel puts as â€Å"youth and mystery that

Cultural development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cultural development - Essay Example It is evident from the study that Cultural Development theories strive to describe the quality changes in the framework and structure of society, which help its members realize their aims and objectives. Cultural development does not only entail the integration of new programs and policies in the society, but it also includes the process of social change. Physical Stage is mainly marked with the domination of physical aspects of the human personality. At this stage, people are required to adhere and follow tradition strictly, and only little change and innovation are required. Society in this stage is mainly meant for survival and subsistence. Land is the most outstanding resource, and wealth is weighed on the size of land holdings. During this stage, money and commerce play minor roles, and experimental and innovative approaches are discouraged. Church and religious beliefs are responsible for introducing new technological knowledge into the society. Professional skills are passed d own from the parents to the children. Vital Stage is marked with change and dynamism. Society becomes adventurous and innovative thereby expanding its activities. The society transforms from stressing on interactions with the physical environment to emphasizing on the social interactions between people. Agriculture, which is the main economic activity at this stage is fueled by trade. New programs and policies that encourage commerce and trade are introduced into the society. Experimental and innovative approaches are encouraged, and demand for knowledge and skills rise. This is the stage where people begin to strive to acquire leisure and luxury, which were not attainable when the society was at subsistence level (Johnson & Lewis 48). Mental Stage This stage is characterized by the social, political and practical application of mind. At this stage, the society emphasizes on education, technology and inventions. New social organizations, political systems, human rights and democrati c movements are created (Johnson & Lewis 67). People are also allowed to interact with God directly without the mediation of church leaders. Mental stage is fueled by technological advancements such as telecommunication, air travel, modern roads and networking (Johnson & Lewis 68). Technical Development Technical change is a process that is characterized by three main stages that include invention, innovation and diffusion of processes (Johnson & Lewis 54). Invention Invention refers to the breakthrough in technology or the creation of new things (Johnson & Lewis 26). It involves the creation of new idea that had not been created or discovered by anyone else. Everett Rogers indentified five elements of an innovation, which impact the extent of its effectiveness. They include compatibility, trialability, complexity, observability, and relative advantage (Johnson & Lewis 111). Innovation Innovation entails the development of an inventive idea to create refined and leaned products and services (Johnson & Lewis 124). This is the stage that proves or fails the worthiness of an inventive idea. It is less risky than invention because it deals with known quantities, qualities and parameters (Johnson & Lewis 127). For example, the availability of personal computers has aided the creation of Software that human has also used to

Determination of Partition Coefficient

Determination of Partition Coefficient

Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Revolution started in the 1700’s and was a great time period in the history of earth. It paved the way for more efficient industries and was the first step towards urbanization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Great Britain, a large rural society, had many farms. Farming took a lot of time out of the day of the people; they needed to invent something more efficient to work on their farms. Jethro Tull invented the seed drill and the plough. The seed drill increased the percent of seeds that germinated, it spaced them out equally instead of the old method of taking a handful of seeds and throwing them all over the field. The plough turned the dirt over to be able to use the nutrients under the old crop. Another agricultural inventor was Charles Townshend. He thought up the idea of the four crop rotation instead of the one in use at that time, the three crop rotation. In this way, they had two crops to feed their livestock, which increased the nutrients in the soil, and they had two basic crops to feed themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Revolution took place in Britain because of the large rural societies. After those main agricultural inventions, the plough and seed drill, the farmers wanted more land. They were only given a small square on which they could farm. The farmers that wanted more land received it, and therefore made a prosperous living. But the workers who were still on the small pieces of land couldn’t make as good as a living like the farmers with the big fields. This put them out of a job, which was ironically another big step in the Industrial Revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The out of work farmers, needing a job to survive, found work at factories being built by wealthy land owners. These factories were placed in very significant spots, by rivers.

Examples in “The Brutal Business of Boxing”

â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing† written by author John Head, uses all three forms of examples: the extended example, the sentence length example, and the single example. The extended example lies in the form of the entire essay. The entire essay is a description of one person is specific, where physical and personality characteristics are developed paragraph by paragraph. Due to the fact that the descriptions are centered on one person, this is an extended example.However, sentence length examples are included in every paragraph. Every paragraph in the essay is quite short and centers on providing information around the central topic of the essay, Muhammad Ali. The author uses single examples most often in the essay. Some examples of this are: â€Å"confident, articulate, charismatic† (par. 2); â€Å"lightning quick jabs† (par. 4); and â€Å"slow shuffle† (par. 6). These single examples highlight the character traits that the author would like the rea der to envision.â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing† uses all three types of examples throughout the essay to develop it. The entire essay is an extended example; each paragraph contains sentence level examples, and each sentence contains colorful single examples. The essay is a wonderful and multi leveled model of an example essay. Reference Head, John. â€Å"The Brutal Business of Boxing. † Found in Wordsmith:A Guide to Writing. 3rd ed. by Pamela Arlov. Prentice Hall: NJ. 2006. p. 589-90.

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essays

Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essays Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Optimization Of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Biology Essay Essay Optimization utilizing response surface methodological analysis for the extractions of phenoplasts from Citrus hystrix foliage was carried out by supercritical fluid extraction. The effects of CO2 rate, extraction force per unit area and extraction temperature on output, entire phenolic content and Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl-IC50 were evaluated and compared with ethanol extraction. Ethanol infusions and optimal SFE conditions were analysed with HPLC. Among the three variables studied, extraction force per unit area had the most important influence on the output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of the infusions, followed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. The optimal conditions of force per unit area, CO2 rate and temperature were at 267 bars, 18 g/min and 50oC, severally. The output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 obtained were 5.06 % , 116.53 milligram GAE/g infusion and IC50 of 0.063 mg/ml, severally. These values were moderately near to their opposite number of predicted ( p gt ; 0.05 ) . Better suppress ion and TPC were obtained utilizing SFE method whereas higher output and phenolic acids were observed with ethanol extraction. The nerve-racking life manner and less balanced nutrient consumption globally partly due to high concentrations of free lipid groups, both in nutrient ( in vitro ) and in vivo after nutrient consumption has given to the demand to look at antioxidants as a functional ingredient in nutrient. Man-made antioxidants such as, butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ) , butylated hydroxyanisole ( BHA ) , tertiary- butyl hydro-quanone ( TBHQ ) and propyl gallate ( PG ) , are conventional nutrient antioxidants. Due to safety issues, consumer concerns and increasing regulative examination ( ( Jamilah et al. , 2009 ; Shahidi. , 1997 ) refering man-made antioxidants, the possibility of natural antioxidants as options is sharply researched. The foliages of Citrus hystrix, known locally as, Limau purut, is used in many Malayan and South-East Asiatic part local dishes and medicative readyings. C.hystrix as a possible new beginning of natural antioxidant was reported by Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) , Ching and Mo hamed ( 2001 ) , Jaswir et Al. ( 2004 ) , Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) , Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) and Butryee et Al. ( 2009 ) . All infusions were extracted utilizing the conventional dissolvers such as, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, propanone and H2O. To bring forth infusions of high phenolic content and rich in antioxidants from C. hystrix foliages, requires high extraction efficiency influenced by factors such as atom size, extraction methods, solvent type, solvent concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, force per unit area and clip ( Banik et al, 2007 ; Lang et al. , 2001 ; Pinelo et al. , 2005 ; Silva et al. , 2007 ) . Steam distillment and organic dissolver extraction utilizing infiltration, maceration and Soxhlet techniques are conventionally used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from works beginnings. They are non efficient and economical and this can be overcome by utilizing the supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) procedure ( Bimakr et al. , 2009 ) . Carbon dioxide ( critical temperature, force per unit area and denseness ~ 31.18 oC, 72.0 saloon ; 0.47 gcm-3, severally ) is safe, residue free, non-flammable, in expensive and environmentally- friendly ( Pyo and Oo, 2007 ) . The optimisation of supercritical fluids for the extraction of natural antioxidants and phenolic compounds from the foliages of C.hystrix has non been reported. Hence, this survey was carried out with the aim of optimising the extraction of the antioxidant and phenolic acids from the foliages of C. hystrix utilizing supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) fluid extraction by changing and/or repairing known variables associated with the extraction techniques. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Reagents used Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent ( FCR ) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) were purchased from Sigma ( St Louis MO USA ) . Carbone dioxide, ( pureness 99.99 % ) , incorporating in a Carbone dioxide dip tubing cylinder, was purchased from Malayan Oxygen ( MOX ) , Malaysia. Absolute ethyl alcohol ( 99.4 % , analytical class ) , the qualifier for SC-CO2 procedure, acetonitrile and methyl alcohol ( HPLC class ) as the nomadic stage for HPLC and phenolic acids criterions ( vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, Gallic acid and sinapic acid ) were purchased from Fisher Scientific Chemical ( Loughborough, England ) . All other chemicals used were either analytical or HPLC class. 2.2 Preparation of Sample The foliages of C. hystrix were obtained from Pasar Borong, a whole sale market at Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia. Upon reaching at the research lab, foliages were sorted, washed under running tap H2O, oven dried at 40A °C for 24h and stored at ambient temperature off from the visible radiation. The dried foliages were land merely before extraction in a liquidizer ( MX-335, Panasonic, Malaysia ) for 10s to bring forth a pulverization with an approximative atom size of 0.5mm ( Bimak et al. , 2009 ) . 2.3 Solvent Extraction The phenolic compounds in the C. hystrix leaves powder were extracted harmonizing to Jamilah et Al. ( 1998 ) with little alterations. The first measure involved soaking the pulverization in 95 % ethyl alcohol for 24h at 50oC at an ethyl alcohol to flick ratio of 10:1 ( v/w ) . The petroleum infusion was so filtered and concentrated by vaporizing at 40oC in the rotary evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) .When the ethyl alcohol was evaporated off the concentrated infusion was transferred into brown glass bottles, flushed with N and kept at 25oC until usage. The extraction was carried out in triplicate 2.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) Extraction Supercritical C dioxide ( SC-CO2 ) fluid extraction utilizing the supercritical fluid extractor ( ABRP200, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ) , with a 500 milliliter extractor vas attached, was carried out harmonizing to Bimark et Al. ( 2009 ) with little alterations. The flow rate of CO2 and modifier, extraction temperature, force per unit area and clip were adjusted utilizing ICE package coupled with the supercritical fluid extractor. The liquid CO2 was pressurized and heated to the coveted force per unit area and temperature with the assistance of force per unit area pump ( P-50, Pittsburg, PA, USA ) to make the supercritical province prior to go throughing it into the extraction vas. Absolute ethyl alcohol was used as the qualifier to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages and fixed at a flow rate of 3 milliliters / min for all experimental processs. The continuance of the inactive extraction clip was fixed at 30 min, while the dynamic extraction clip was changeless at 9 0 min. Fifty gms of C. hystrix foliages ( pulverization ) was assorted with 150g glass beads ( 2.0 millimeter in diameters ) to systematize the flow rate and the mixture was placed in the extractor vas. The extraction was so performed under assorted experimental conditions as generated by the response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) design. EtOH was removed from the infusions by vacuity vaporization utilizing a rotary evaporator ( Eyela, A-1000S, Japan ) at 40 A °C. The infusions were collected in the unit of ammunition bottle flask ( warped with aluminum foil to minimise light exposure and therefore oxidization ) and so placed in the oven at 40A °C for 30 min before being transferred into desiccators for concluding changeless weight. Infusions were transferred into brown glass bottles, flashed with N and stored in a deep-freeze of -25A °C until farther analysis. The extractions were carried out in extras. 2.5 Determination of Total Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The entire phenolic content of C.hystrix foliage infusions was determined utilizing the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent harmonizing to the method described by Singletone et Al. ( 1999 ) . An aliquot of the infusion ( 0.5mL ) was put in 0.5mL of Folin reagent, under dim visible radiation before 10mL ( 7 % ) of Na carbonate was added. The mixture was so left in the dark for 60A min. The optical density of the mixture was measured against EtOH ( space ) at 725A nanometers by utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The standardization equation for Gallic acid, expressed as Gallic acid equivalent ( GAE ) in mg/g infusion, was y = 0.0064x + 0.0093 ( R2 = 0.9972 ) . 2.6 Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity Free extremist scavenging activity of C.hystrix foliage infusions was measured harmonizing to the process described by Ramadan et Al. ( 2006 ) with little alterations. A 0.1A milliliter aliquot of toluenic sample solution at different concentrations was added with 0.39A milliliters of fresh toluenic 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl ( DPPH ) solution ( 0.1A millimeter ) . Triplicates were carried out for each concentration. The mixtures were shaken smartly and left in the dark for 60A min and optical density was read against pure methylbenzene ( clean ) at 515A nanometers utilizing a UV-Visible spectrophotometer ( UV-1650PC, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan ) . The free extremist scavenging activity of infusions was calculated as follows: % Inhibition = ( [ Acontrol-Asample ] /Acontrol ) *100 Where AcontrolA =A optical density of the control reaction ( incorporating all reagents except samples ) ; AsampleA =A optical density of the trial compound. Determination of IC50 in this trial was defined as the concentration of the infusion that was able to suppress 50 % of the entire DPPH groups. IC50 of the sample was expressed in mg/mL and calculated through the insertion of additive arrested development analysis ( Brand-Williams et al. , 1995 ) 2.7 Determination of Phenolic acids The phenolic acids of the C.hystrix foliage infusions that were obtained from the optimal SC-CO2 conditions ( optimum of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 ) were analysed by a high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) , [ Agilent Technologies 1200 series theoretical account, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany ] equipped with Diode Array Detector ( DAD ) , and sensing at 254nm. The HPLC parametric quantities were modified from Anderson et Al. ( 1983 ) . The column temperature used was 30A °C at a maximal temperature 35A °C and the column used was Crespak RP C18S RP C18 ( 150mm L* 4.6mm ID, JASCO ) . The dissolvers were of HPLC class ( Fisher Scientific Chemical, Loughborough, England ) . All dissolvers were filtered through a cellulose nitrate membrane filters ( 0.45 A µm ) . Flow rate of nomadic stages used were 1.5ml/min for 25 % acetonitrile in formic acid-water ( 0.5:99.5 ) , run isocratically. The infusions were foremost filtered through 0.2 A µm nylon ( NYL ) filter, ( Whatman ) for the remotion of drosss and unwanted compounds. The injection volume used was 20A µL with extras for each of the SC-CO2 optimal conditions and ethanol infusions. The criterions used were vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, M-cumeric, trans cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and sinapic acid ( Fisher Scientific Chemical Loughborough, England ) . Designation and quantification of phenolic acids in the infusions were based on the standard curves of the criterions every bit good as their extremums keeping times. 2.8 Experimental design and statistical analysis Response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) was used to find the optimal conditions for the output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 in C.hystrix foliage infusions. The experimental design and statistical analysis were carried out utilizing the statistical package ( MINITAB let go of 14 ) . Central composite design was chosen to measure the joint consequence of three independent variables CO2 rate, extraction temperature and force per unit area, coded as X1, X2 and X3, severally. The minimal and maximal values for CO2 rate were set at 15 and 25 g/min, extraction temperature between 40 and 60 oC and force per unit area between 100 and 300 bars. The dependent values were yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50. For optimisation, output and TPC were maximized to accomplish highest values and loswest value for DPPH-IC50. The whole design consisted of 20 combinations including six replicates of the Centre point ( Table 1 ) ( Myers A ; Montgomery, 2002 ) . The ANOVA tabular arraies were generated and the consequence and arrested development coefficients of single linear, quadratic and interaction footings were determined. The significances of all footings in the multinomial were analyzed statistically by calculating the F-value at a chance ( P ) of 0.001, 0.01 or 0.05. The statistically found non-significant ( p gt ; 0.05 ) footings were removed from the initial theoretical accounts and merely important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) factors were involved in the concluding reduced theoretical account. It should be noted that non-significant additive footings were kept in the decreased theoretical account in instances where their quadratic or interaction footings were important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) ( Mirhosseini et al. , 2009 ) . Experimental informations were fitted to the undermentioned 2nd order multinomial theoreti cal account and arrested development coefficients were obtained harmonizing to the generalized second-order multinomial theoretical account proposed for the response surface analysis, given as follows Where I?0, I?i, I?ii, I?ij were arrested development coefficients for intercept, additive, quadratic and interaction footings, severally. Eleven and Xj were coded values of the independent variables, while K equaled to the figure of the tried factors ( k=3 ) . 3. Consequences and Discussion 3.1 Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) Analysiss 3.1.1 Model Fitness Based on the scopes set for the identified parametric quantities, 20 trails of each parametric quantity, including six replicates of the Centre points that influence Yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 were selected. In this survey, the lower and upper values for the variables were set at +alpha ( +I ±=1.633 ) and -alpha ( -I ±=1.633 ) and so all the factor degrees were chosen within the bounds that were practical with SFE ( above critical tempHYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_temperature eratureA of 31A °C andA critical pressureA of 72A saloon ) and desirable. The experimental and predicted values for responses under the different combinations of extraction conditions via SC-CO2 extractions were as in Table ( 1 ) . The consequences indicated that output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 obtained, ranged from 0.4- 5 % , 15 128.9 milligram GAE/g infusion and 0.065 0.300 mg/ml, severally. By using multiple arrested development analysis, relationships between the tried parametric quantities and the responses were explained in equations 2, 3, and 4 for output, TPC and DPPH-IC50, severally. The fittingness of response map and experimental information was evaluated from the one-dimensionality, quadratic and arrested development coefficients of independent variables as shown in Table 2. The ANOVA of arrested development theoretical account showed that the theoretical accounts were perceptibly important due to the highly low chance value ( P lt ; 0.001 ) . The coefficient of finding ( R2 ) and significance of deficiency of fittingness was farther evaluated to look into the fittingness and theoretical account adequateness. The R2 equal to the integrity or a†°? 0.8, is desirable. R2 values for the arrested development theoretical account of output, TPC, and DPPH-IC50, were 0.935, 0.95, and 0.96, severally, which were close to 1 ( Table 2 ) . Therefore, bespeaking that t he predicted 2nd order multinomial theoretical accounts fitted good with the system. The values of adjusted R2 ( corrected value for R2 after the riddance of the unneeded theoretical account footings ) of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 were besides really high, therefore proposing the high significance of the theoretical account ( 0.897, 0.92 and 0.93 ) . The coincident addition of both R2 and adjusted R2 plus the absence of any deficiency of tantrum ( p gt ; 0.05 ) in our information has proved its credibleness and theoretical account adequateness. The multiple arrested development consequences and the significance of arrested development coefficients yield, TPC and DPPH-IC50 theoretical accounts were as shown in Table 3. It could be observed that both the linear and quadratic term of all parametric quantities significantly ( p lt ; 0.05 ) effected the output, TPC and DPPH -IC50, nevertheless, CO2 rate did non significantly impact the DPPH-IC50 where temperature consequence on TPC was merely important in quadratic mode to stay in the theoretical account ( Table 3 ) . The undermentioned arrested development equations showed the concluding reduced theoretical accounts fitted for the parametric quantities and their responses. Yield= 3.33 + 0.142 X1 + 0.164X2 + 0.00735X3- 0.00669X12 0.00218 X22 0.000025 X32 Eq ( 2 ) TPC = 909 + 25.4 X1 + 25.6 X2 + 1.54 X3 0.668 X12 0.250 X22- 0.00278 X32 Eq ( 3 ) DPPH-IC50= 0.604 X2 0.0177 X3 + 0.00559 X22 + 0.000031 X32 Eq ( 4 ) 3.1.2 Verification of theoretical accounts The rightness of the response surface equation was tested by the rating of experimental and predicted values from the reduced response arrested development theoretical accounts. A close understanding between the experimental and predicted values ( Table1 ) was noted. No important ( p gt ; 0.05 ) difference was observed between those values, proposing the equal fittingness of the response equations. 3.2 Influence of Pressure, CO2 Rate and Temperature on SC-CO2 Extraction efficiency Figure 1 ( a ) showed the 3-dimensional response surface secret plans by showing the response in the map of two factors and maintaining the temperature at its in-between degree ( 50oC ) . It showed a higher output in the part of extraction force per unit area between 190 to 300 bars and at CO2 rate of 12 to 17g/min. Both extraction force per unit area and CO2 rate exhibited important additive and quadratic effects on output as shown Table ( 3 ) . The output was optimum at approximately 14.8g / min CO2 flow rate and at force per unit area of 320 bars. Eextraction force per unit area was more influential than CO2 rate as reflected by its higher linear and quadratic coefficients ( I?3=0.65819 ; I?33 = -0.25168 ) compared to the latter ( I?1= -0.35060 ; I?11=-0.16731 ) . In supercritical fluid extraction ( SFE ) , increased force per unit areas consequence in, increased solvent denseness and solvent power of fluid which may take to higher extraction outputs, on the other manus, increased pure CO2 rate under SFE is a good dissolver for lipotropic compounds ( non- polar ) but is hapless for phenoplasts ( polar ) ( Martinez, 2007 ) . Therefore, modifier ( ethyl alcohol ) was used to better the extraction of phenoplasts from C.hystrix foliages. Figure 1 ( B ) showed the effects of extraction force per unit area and extraction temperature on output at changeless CO2 rate of 20 g/min. Extraction force per unit area displayed a really important ( p lt ; 0.001 ) on the output in additive and quadratic mode as besides shown in Table ( 3 ) . At force per unit area of a†°?140 and temperature non transcending 47oC output increased, nevertheless with farther addition in the temperature the output showed a lessening which is most likely due to the reduced denseness of CO2. The relationship of CO2 rate and extraction temperature with output was plotted in Figure 1 ( degree Celsius ) . Both the parametric quantities exhibited important additive and quadratic consequence ( P lt ; 0.05 ) on output. The output increased quickly with diminishing CO2 rate up to 13 g/m and this followed by a little lessening thenceforth. By uniting all the consequences presented in Figure 1, it was obvious that extraction force per unit area had the most critical impact on output of the infusion followed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. 3.3 Entire Phenolic Content ( TPC ) The TPC of the infusion was as shown in Figure 2. Depending on the force per unit area, temperature and CO2 rate, the TPC of the infusion ranged from 15.0 to 128.9 milligrams GAE/g infusion. No available literature study could be be used for comparing for the SC-CO2 extraction method ; nevertheless, Idris et Al. ( 2008 ) reported that TPC of the infusions was about 103.2 milligrams GAE/g infusion which was somewhat lower than our EtOH extracted TPC ( 112.7 milligram GAE per g infusion ) . Moderate degrees of the selected independent variables of SC-CO2 infusions ( run order 7, 10, 12, and 17, Table 1 ) reflected higher TPC of the C.hystrix foliage infusions than our EtOH extraction every bit good as Idris s ; this may hold something to make with possible partial debasement of the extracted compounds due to long extraction clip when conventional extraction methods are to be used. With SC-CO2 method the extraction clip ( 90 min ) was unusually shorter than that of EtOH extraction ( gt ; 20 H ) . 3.4 Free Radical Scavenging Activity Figure 3 demonstrated the consequence of temperature and force per unit area on the scavenging belongings of the C.hystrix leave infusions. The antioxidant activity of the infusions, determined by the IC50 of extremist scavenging belongingss of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ( DPPH-IC50 ) , was found to be high at mean degree of temperature and comparatively increased phases of force per unit area i.e. DPPH-IC50 of the infusions bit by bit decreased with the addition of extraction temperature and force per unit area up to 50 A °C and 314 bars, severally to accomplish optimal value of IC50 at 0.0585 before it began to increase. The lesser the IC50, the stronger activity is the corresponding affair ( Mariod et al. , 2010 ) . Under the assay conditions employed here, the IC50 of BHA and I ±-tocopherol as a positive controls were 0.023mg/ml and 0.031mg/ml, severally, among the infusion run order 12, 9, and 16 ( table 1 ) possessed greater DPPH extremist scavenging activities with the lower I C50 values of 0.065, 0.08 and 0.085mg/ml, severally. This was in understanding to the findings of Idriss et Al. ( 2008 ) , where the activity of BHA was found to be higher than the sample. Compared to conventional solvent extraction method with the IC50 of 0.250 mg/ml ( Table 1 ) , it can be observed that SC-CO2 infusions demonstrated noteworthy DPPH radical-scavenging activity unusually greater than that of traditional extraction method. The IC50 values for CLE extracted by SC-CO2 ranged from 0.065 0.300 mg/ml depending on force per unit area and temperature where an addition in the force per unit area comparatively resulted in an addition in its antioxidant capacity. 3.5 Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Acids of the infusions. Out of seven standard phenolic acid solutions assorted, six have been detected in dissolver and supercritical C dioxide extraction of the infusions ( table 4 ) . By quantifying the sum of phenolic acids in the infusion, a considerable fluctuation between EtOH and SC-CO2 extraction was observed. Higher recovery of phenolic acids than that of SC-CO2 extraction was found utilizing 95 % EtOH as shown in Table ( 4 ) . The figure of polar map groups, e.g. hydroxyl groups, may hold influenced volatility of the solutes therefore finding their optimal extractability with SC-CO2 ( Lang and Wai, 2001 ) . For illustration, ( Stahl and Glatz, 1984 ) successfully extracted steroids with three hydroxyl groups below 300 bars but failed to pull out those steroids dwelling of four hydroxyl groups, or three hydroxyls and one acid group, or one phenolic hydroxyl with two other hydroxyl groups. Despite the difference in measure, the type of phenolic acids bing in the infusions for both EtOH and SC-CO2 ex traction methods remained changeless. Trans-cinnamic, M-coumeric and Vanillic acids represented as the prevailing phenolic acids, while P-coumeric, Benzoic and sinapic acids reasonably existed in the infusions ( Table 4 ) . 3.6 Decision The optimal conditions of force per unit area at 265 bars, temperature at 50oC and CO2 rate at 18 g/min was needed for higher SC-CO2 extraction of output, TPC and DPPH-IC50 of C.hystrix leave infusions. Of the three independent variables studied, extraction force per unit area was the most important factor act uponing on output, TPC and DPPH-IC50, flowed by CO2 rate and extraction temperature. Higher sums of output and phenolic acids than SC-CO2, was found in solvent extraction. Nevertheless, SC-CO2 extracts exhibited high quality in antioxidant activity measured by IC50 of 1,1-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazylA ( DPPH ) and entire phenolic content ( TPC ) . Even though some good consequences was achieved with the traditional EtOH extraction, supercritical CO2 extraction showed faster and better extraction of C.hystrix foliages. Therefore, the green engineering, reclaimable CO2 could be an alternate method of extraction for superior antioxidants from C.hystrix foliages. Recognition The writers appreciate and thankful for the fiscal support received from the RMC, the University Putra Malaysia for this survey.

Are You On a Career Ladder, or Just Job Hopping

Are You On a Career Ladder, or Just Job Hopping It used to be that you’d take a job at a company and rise from young up-and-comer to wise lifer, logging 10 years or more in the same place. It’s not that changing jobs was unheard of, but rather people built their career paths  differently. These days, changing jobs is the norm: the average Joe or Jane changes jobs 10-15 times throughout their careers. Much of this is a cultural change, and an economic one- companies are much more likely to reorganize or adapt to changing technology and economic factors these days. And part of it is a personal change, as well. Millennials, especially, are seen as mercenary sharks, ready to grab the next opportunity that swims by. Gallup reports that  Millennials are far more likely to change jobs frequently. In fact, in 2015, 21% of  Millennials  surveyed by Gallup had changed jobs within the last year. And on top of that, 60% of them were open to changing jobs in the near future if the opportunity came up.This speaks to a shif t in thinking, where upward progress is more important than the stability of creating a career path in one place. The latter is the â€Å"career ladder† approach, where your plan is to meet particular job title milestones, typically within a company or organization. The alternative approach, one increasingly embraced by the newer generations of job seekers, is moving from job to job to cobble together experience and move up in salary and job title. The phrase â€Å"job hopping† has been used to describe this phenomenon, and although it’s taken on some negative connotations, it can also be a career booster.Career Ladder: Pros and ConsWhen you think of a career ladder, think of the stereotypical Hollywood story of the mailroom worker who works diligently upward from the bottom rung of the company, making it all the way to the corner office. It makes a great story (look at what Anyman/Anywoman can achieve!), but that story leaves out a lot: namely, all the steps in the middle, and all the skills sets that have to be built along the way. Creating a career ladder requires a strong commitment, and a strong set of goals.The Pros:Career ladders are based on stability. If you feel most comfortable plotting out a career course where you don’t have to make a lot of changes, where you can put down roots, this mightYou’re not necessarily tied to one place. Many companies have offices or opportunities throughout the country (or even the world). Just because you’re committing to one company for a long time doesn’t mean you’re saying you’ll stay in one place forever.It doesn’t have to be your entire career plan. A career ladder could be just a portion of your career (say, the next 10 years), where you want to get from Job A to Job Z. That doesn’t mean you have to spend the rest of your life in Job Z.It shows upward mobility, while also showing you’re a good investment. A company that has promo ted you numerous times is one that thinks you’re a worthy investment, and that can be appealing once you are ready to make the change to another company, or if there’s an unforeseen job loss.Companies like to promote from within. Hiring from outside can add new dynamics and diversify your employee pool, but it can also be expensive, time consuming, and a big gamble. Developing talent has significant advantages for companies, including developing a strong, committed employee base. It’s less of a risk because they know you, and know what you’re capable of doing. If you’ve ever experienced the frustration of wanting a job, only to find out someone was hired internally, that could be you!The Cons:Career ladders are less common these days. With unpredictable economics, and technology changing virtually every industry very fast. It can be harder to create a long-term plan if you can’t account for things like reorganizations (which often come on qu ickly for those affected).Companies don’t always have the resources to devote to leadership and skill training that would best benefit employees. If you’re not growing and improving in your job,There’s a risk of stagnation. Sometimes a change of scenery is beneficial, and can jump-start your career by exposing you to new people, new ideas, and new ways of doing your job. Merely changing and expanding roles may not provide as much career stimulation, depending on your comfort zone and your career goals.You might be seen as less-than-ambitious. If you seem too comfortable in your role, it may be tough for the powers that be to see you in a new role that requires change and more responsibility.Job Hopping: Pros and Consâ€Å"Job hopping† sounds like a social activity, but really it just means that a person switches jobs frequently (every year or two), without putting down long roots in one place. It’s becoming a more popular career path strategy for p eople, especially Millennials, who are looking for more aggressive career development.The Pros:Change is good! Working at different companies, in different environments (even if the roles are similar) is a good way to build experience quickly. Job hopping offers you more chances to try new things and take on new projects, ensuring that you grow consistently.It’s becoming more accepted. Job hopping used to be considered â€Å"career suicide,† because it raised red flags. Why has this person held so many different jobs over a short period of time? The economics of American jobs have shifted so substantially, however, that now it’s becoming more accepted, especially when people are younger and just starting out in their careers. An unstable economy can upset even the most carefully planned career trajectory, and hiring managers are increasingly understanding of that.It’s can be a fast track to higher salary. If you jump on opportunities for advancement at ot her companies, you have the opportunity to negotiate higher and move into higher paying positions, faster than you might if you were going through a standard promotions process at a single company.It’s a network builder. New company = new colleagues, and an ever-growing stable of work acquaintances, mentors, and friends in your field.It shows you’re adaptable. Starting over somewhere else requires a lot of thinking on your feet, and being able to adapt to new environments and ways of doing things. You can emphasize that in your resume and in interviews, and use specific examples of how your range of jobs have made you a more nimble employee.The Cons:Some hiring managers still see it as a red flag. They might think you’re a flight risk, after the company invests training time and resources into you as an employee. Unfairly or not, you may be seen as less-than-loyal, or disinterested in committing to the role or to the company.Short-term focus comes at the expense of long-term progress. It can be tough to see where you are, career-wise, if you’ve been moving so much that you don’t see how your efforts pan out. If you’re out the door before positive results roll in for your hard work, you can’t really quantify that and use it on your resume in the future.Your job may not be as secure. In a reorganization or layoff situation, if it comes down to a Sophie’s Choice-style decision between the new-ish employee who started less than a year ago, or the longer-term employee with a long history of institutional knowledge and achievement, you might be the easier one to let go.As you can see, there are good points and bad for each career choice- and in fact, job hopping may not be a choice at all, but rather a response to a chaotic industry, or economic changes well beyond your control. The most important decision to make, whether you want to plant a career ladder in one place, or make chess-like moves through your fie ld to reach your ultimate career goals, is what works best for you.If you’ve always had a dream company in mind, then maybe the ladder is the way to go: start humble, and rise through the ranks like that mythical mail room employee. If you want to make big changes and steadily build your job title and salary over a shorter period of time, then job hopping might be your best option. It might also work best if your goals are very multidisciplinary- if you want to be the best darn salesperson of widgets, then by all means put down roots at Widget Co. and start building your empire.If you want to be experienced and knowledgeable about widget sales and production, then your best strategy might be to start in sales at Widget Co., then move over to Widgets ‘R Us with your sales background. The bottom line here is that your career goals are yours and yours alone, and you should pursue them as you see fit.

Knowledge Worker Paper-Terence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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FINAL EXAM - Assignment Example Von Hirsch’s utilitarian justification claims that although punishment causes human suffering, it is good in preventing similar suffering in the future. Ethics plays an important role in correctional and treatment staff to define what should be done to the prisoners and the treatment that they should be given. The prisoners have their rights and so the staff working in the prisons have to adhere to the law that defines how that should be done. As indicated earlier ethics refers to the specific moral standards. The staff has to ensure that the prisoners have access to the basic standards of care. These include access to adequate food, shelter and something to wear. They should also have access to primary medical and psychiatric care. The staff should also uphold anti-bullying programs without favor or fear. Re-integration skills are offered in the prisons to help the prisoners become important when they rejoin their members after their term in jail. The staff should also ensure that all the prisoners are subscribe to the programs that are ongoing to help them become important people in the society after their term. Correction office rs should not be allowed to abuse power. They should be allowed limited authority to ensure that they are also answerable and accountable for their actions. Mutual respect, tolerance and understanding should always prevail among the inmates and the corrective officers. Correction officers should always maintain the professional gap and should involve themselves in issues and relationships that compromise the integrity of their roles and duties. Corrupt practices by the prison staff undermines and neutralizes the administration of justice and destroy public confidence in the system. The correction officers should therefore uphold the ethics that govern their roles. In a bid to restore and maintain ethics in the staff that is working within the prison institution, the management at