Character Analysis of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby, by...

The Great Gatsby is an extraordinary novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who tells the story about the wealthy man of Long Island named, Jay Gatsby, a middle aged man with a mysterious past, who lives at a gothic mansion and hosts many parties with many strangers who were not entirely invited. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many characters are discussed uniquely to an extent from the festive, yet status hungry Roaring Twenties. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald introduces many characters who all seem to cause conflict with each other because of incompatible personalities. The main character that F. Scott Fitzgerald sets the entire book over is Jay Gatsby, Gatsby, is first shown as a mysterious man whose†¦show more content†¦This shows that Gatsby seems to strangely disappear from Nick’s view, and with Nick unaware of who Jay Gatsby legitimately, this gives the character an aura of mystery. Gatsby is a mysterious unique character that m any people seem to guess who his true identity is, for example when Nick and Jordan attend on of Gatsby’s great parties Nick begins to ask Jordan questions about Gatsby â€Å"‘where is he from, I mean? And what does he do?’ ‘Now you’re started on the subject†Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald 53). This shows that nobody fully understands who Gatsby truly is, and that although many people participate at his parties, no one really knows who the host actually is, making Jay Gatsby mysterious as ever. Jay Gatsby, the main character of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, is also described as a man who seemed to do anything to get what he wants, however even though what he wants he cannot receive and this tends to hurt some of the other characters around Jay Gatsby, which makes Gatsby seem as a stubborn man who is stubbornly in love. Gatsby shows stubbornness when he is talking to Tom and Daisy, for example in chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby it states â€Å"‘your wife doesn’t love you,’† said Gatsby quietly. â€Å"‘She never loved you. She loves me.’† (Fitzgerald 137). This shows that Gatsby is soShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1186 Words   |  5 Pages.. Why of course you can.† (110 This enduring quote from the famous novel The Great Gatsby by none other than F. Scott Fitzgerald stirs the mind and imagination in wonder of the very character who had uttered thes e words. Infamous Gatsby is the mysterious man behind the lavish and enthralling parties; a man who made his money and his image in that of a king. But, who is this mysterious man? How did he receive the great fortune of developing all of which he had possessed? He had it all, but we areRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis956 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, there is a strong message about the social class systems about the societies that exists between them. First, there are people like the Buchanans and Jordan Baker who were born into wealth and never really had to work for their money. Secondly, The new money people who can never really be like them, inherently because they have had to work for their money and sometimes finding it had been rough while doing so. (Houghton Mifflin) InRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 Pages F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purports that Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the type of person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography lists Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby : The RoleRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds Personl Influences on The Great Gatsby1762 Words   |  7 Pagesdead.† (Fitzgerald, 1925). The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1925, and takes place in 1922. The novel greatly exemplifies the time period that it takes place in, known as â€Å"The Roaring Twenties† or â€Å"The Jazz Age†. One way of exemplification is prohibition and the Volstead Act. According to David J. Hanson from Potsdam.edu, the Volstead Act, which took place in 1919, established National Prohibition of alcoholic beverages (Hanson, 2013). Fitzgerald made hisRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise1382 Words   |  6 PagesFrances Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24th, 1896 in St. Paul Minnesota and died of a heart attack in an apartment in Hollywood on December 21st, 1940. Throughout his career, Fitzgerald wrote many works, traveled the world , and served in the United States Army. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote mostly short stories but became famous because of his novel This Side of Paradise and became even more famous because of The Great Gatsby which was released in 1925. The time period in which Fitzgerald livedRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Written Analysis876 Words   |  4 Pages Gatsby is Whipped (An Analysis of The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald) F. Scott Fitzgerald is arguably one of the greatest writers to ever come to earth. In the 20th century, he wrote far beyond his time, and wrote about topics that others were afraid to bring up. â€Å"Genius is the ability to put into effect what is on your mind.† (Fitzgerald) One of his better known novels, The Great Gatsby, brings up several diverse and arguable topics, but also presents many messages too. The threeRead MoreEssay on compare and contrast daisy and myrtle1007 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast: Daisy and Myrtle The Great Gatsby is a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This novel features Jay Gatsby, George Wilson, Nick Carraway, Jordan Baker and Tom Buchanan along with many others to show the hopes, the struggles and the romance the characters went through each and every day. Due to the mixing of the two social classes: the rich and the poor, we learn about the causes and effects of what they face.  In the book, two major characters that greatly influenced this story wereRead MoreEssay on Jay Gatsby: A Tragic Hero1084 Words   |  5 Pages several requirements must be met. The formula begins with a character that possesses noble and admirable qualities. Then come imperfections to make him appear human and believable, and finally the tragic hero is completed when he experiences an equally tragic downfall, that is both partially his fault and disproportionate to his crime (Aristotle). In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald successfully creates main character Jay Gatsby as such a figur e. By molding his protagonist in the shadows ofRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 Pages and many people realized their own version of the American Dream during this period. The American Dream is one that many people want to achieve. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald demonstrates his true feelings about the American Dream in his classic novel, The Great Gatsby. Many characters in this story, such as Daisy and Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, and Jordan Baker, found riches and happiness in materialistic things and people throughout this novel. This is the stereotypical American Dream that is associatedRead MoreThe Sensible Thing, by F. Scott Fitzgerald1643 Words   |  7 PagesWriting The Sensible Thing, by F. Scott Fitzgerald shares numerous characteristics with his other writings. Like many writers, his work was heavily influenced by his life. Published criticisms note similarities between attitudes of the Roaring Twenties. In order to interpret The Sensible Thing, it is necessary to examine F. Scott Fitzgeralds life and work. The materialistic, free-thinking ideas characterizing greatly influenced the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Furthermore, his relationship

Fiction Analysis - 879 Words

English 102 Dr. Alexander October 14, 2010 Fiction Analysis The two short stories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Story of an Hour†, are two very similar stories. They share similarities of feminism, freedom, and marriage. The short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story about the struggle of a woman to gain her freedom and to get her own life apart from her controlling husband. The physician, who also happens to be the woman’s husband, keeps her in a room, as a form of â€Å"treatment†. He claims that she is psychotic, but after reading the text, I felt that the woman was only driven to insanity because of the so called â€Å"treatment† that her husband set forth. From being kept in this room for so†¦show more content†¦Her husband’s friend, Richards, remembering that Mrs. Mallard has heart trouble, tries to block her from the view of the door, in case she sees her husband and tries to make it so Mrs. Mallard doesn’t see him, in case it gave her heart trouble. They wanted to sit her down and explain to her what had happened and that there was a mistake in the telegram and that her husband was in fact, a live. But needless to say, Richards was too late and Mrs. Mallard saw her husband, alive and well and from all the back and forth emotions, she suffered from a heart attack and died. The two short stories, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Story of an Hour†, are two very similar stories. They share similarities of feminism, freedom, and marriage. The two women compared in these two stories shared examples of feminism, freedom and marriage, because they both struggled with being in control of their husbands. By the end of the story, in some way or another, whether it was by death or by letting go, they were both set free and given theirShow MoreRelatedFiction Analysis Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesFiction Analysis There are many ways to supplement a story in order to add lucidity. It is done through literary devices and Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is no different. The Things They Carried is a narrative about a soldier at war in Vietnam. However, this story provides multiple layers of meaning through OBriens tone and style that help the reader further understand it. Both of these literary devices are embedded in the story and gradually help define it. To begin with, OBrienRead MoreFlash Fiction Analysis790 Words   |  4 PagesThe editors of â€Å"Flash Fiction† asked themselves the question, â€Å"How short can a story be and still truly be a story?† (11). With this in mind, they settled on a maximum word count of 750, with a minimum of 250. They debated keeping it as â€Å"one story to a page, just a little book of little stories,† but soon realized that, without the turn of a page during a story, the reader is easily bored (13). Instead, they allowed the stories to begin and end naturally in the book’s layout. â€Å"Pumpkins† is aRead MorePulp Fiction Film Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pages Pulp Fiction is a black comedy crime film written and directed Quentin Tarantino (1994). The film’s â€Å"narrative follows the unpredictable actions and reflections of two hit men who philosophically meditate out loud about the Bible, loyalty, and McDonald’s hamburgers† (Corrigan, White, 368). The movie goes against the three-act structure of classic films as the story is told out of chronological order making the film so memorable to its viewers. 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I like them as these two works are very exciting with suspense. Next I will compare them on three aspects. 　　　The first is the theme. A Rose for Emily, written by William Faulkner, is a short story about the life and death of Miss Emily Grierson. The reader is told the story in flashback. Its structure is broken downRead MoreAnalysis Of My Best Friend By Weird Fiction2083 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of My Best Friend Weird fiction is a hot topic of debate in the world of genres. Some people feel like weird fiction could be easily classified as a sub genre to horror or supernatural fiction; while others argue that the conventions of weird fiction are so unique, that it’s substantial enough to be classified as a genre of its own. 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Assessment Chevron Corporate Responsibility Free Essays

string(156) " make sure they are built into the company’s vision, mission, policies, codes, practices, compliance mechanisms, and feedback arrangement† \(Leonard J\." INTRODUCTION The aims of this assay report is to critically explore and evaluate practical and analytical interaction of a chosen company Corporate Responsibility Report in relative to the role of an accountant. Objectives: Identifying what Corporate Social Responsibility means, what it means to an accountant, and examining in relationship between accountant and Corporate Social Reporting. Consequent to increasing globalization, greater environmental and social awareness and more efficient communication, the concept of companies’ responsibilities beyond the purely legal or profit-related has gained new impetus. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now The duty to provide an account or reckoning of those actions for which one is held responsible (Gray Owen and Adam 1996). Report structure As instructed this assay report will comprises three sections: Part one examine the chosen company, ‘Chevron’ Corporate Responsibility Report (2009) and to what extent is committed to ‘accountability’. This report will be limited to what is published in their corporate responsibility report. Part two of the report will explore the role of Chevron corporate responsibilities in tackling ‘global warming’ (climate change) for the past five years, this part will be concerned with projects that shows improved accountability. Part three of the report will attempt to examine assured evidence that the chosen company ‘Chevron’ has an increasing social responsible investment in areas or regions it operates, should that lead to increase in social and environmental accounting and will recognised the importance of better social and environmental behaviour from companies. Part 1 – Accountability Chevron Corporation (Chevron) Chevron was incorporated in 1926, it manages its investment in subsidiaries affiliate, is listed on the NASDAQ CVX Exchange in New York, employs approximately 58,000 highly skilled employees around the globe and provides technology support to the United States of America and international subsidiaries that engage in petroleum operations, chemical operations, mining operations, power generation and energy services. [Company website] [UK. Reuters] Chevron has a major consumer present around the globe as one of the world largest consumer fuel retailer with about 4,000 fuel stations, and ambitions to further activities in developing and supplying fuels to the wholesale market and its strategies â€Å" to invest in people, execute with excellence, grow profitably, and invest in profitable renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions†. [Company website] The Chevron Corporate Responsibility Report 2009 (CCRR) represents the Chevron’s eighth corporate responsibility report; to share its history on environmental, social and governance system reporting. It seems noted that Chevron has evidence of accountability and sustainability reporting, but how proven can that be The report provide descriptions, data, and perspectives on communities and stakeholder engagement, environmental management, energy efficiency, health and safety, human right, and renewable energy and biofuels. Extractives corporations, especially those involved in oil and gas exploration and production lie at the bottom end of environmental and social concerns, having such a significant opportunity to either contribute to or mitigate environmental and social issues. In the oil and gas sector, in recent years, many companies have sought to report upon their activities in the fields of mitigating the impacts of conventional fuel production and supply and also demonstrating their commitment to reduce impacts and use renewable energy sources. Credibility: Chevron’s approach to the challenges of sustainability is to provide fuel which utilise the same infrastructure and technology as conventional fuels but which utilise either significant proportion of advanced biofuels, geothermal energy and solar or are entirely renewable sources. A key part of this strategy is their investment in geothermal energy in Indonesia and the Philippines, which is generate electricity from radioactive decay of volcanic activity, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface and which is reported to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent compared to conventional fossil fuel. [CCRR p.13-14] Chevron Corporate Report 2009 seeks to represent the corporation’s approach to the development of a leadership position in renewable energy and fuels and the opportunities and challenges inherent in such a commitment. The corporation faces significant challenges if it is to achieve its target of becoming one the world leading producer and supplier of consumer fossil fuel, geothermal energy and advanced biofuels. Specifically because of the challenges of sustainability sourcing fossils fuel and biofuel feedstock. The feedstock that the corporation is committed to is forest-based sources, which has become a hugely controversial because of its association with forest clearance in places like the Amazon forest of South America and pressure on wild life species. In the context of responsibility, the report contains the following: â€Å"we are deeply committed to conducting business in socially responsible and ethical manner†. This is a laudable goal, yet it is difficult from the report to identify just what the company’s current net impacts are, or how they will get from the current position to the implied destination. Such statements are very common and do not stop here: Chevron’s approach to corporate responsibility also states: â€Å"demonstrate commitment to its seven pillars of corporate responsibility: the environment, health and safety; human rights; stakeholders engagement; community engagement; workforce; supply chain; and ethic†. Given the concerns of stakeholders, the corporation significantly develop its disclosure of stakeholder engagement and communication. The report does include overview list of a variety of groups together with the type of interactions undertaken and evaluation and feedback from those interactions. In practice, however, interactions are predominantly communications based and do not really present a picture of either what issues are of concern to different stakeholders or indeed the depth of concerns and implications for Chevron’s plans. Accountability is build around the relationship between owners, management of the company and its stakeholders; â€Å"those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist,† and the list of constituents comprising stakeholders originally included â€Å"share-owners, employees, customers, suppliers, lenders, and society†(Freeman and Reed 1983). Accountability is the duty to provide an account of those actions for which one is responsible, not necessarily financial. It has various definitions, but the word is typically used to denote responsibility for acquiring results. â€Å"In Stakeholders – Accountability Oriented Governance Process (SAOG), the board of directors must take all stakeholder interest into account and make sure they are built into the company’s vision, mission, policies, codes, practices, compliance mechanisms, and feedback arrangement† (Leonard J. You read "Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility" in category "Essay examples" Brooks, Paul Dunn 2009) Accountability is an essential element of the business and corporate world, and Chevron corporate responsibility report 2009 it have been developed in consistency with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G3 guidelines, International Petroleum Industry Environment Conservation Association (IPIECA), and the American petroleum institute (API). The use of GRI G.3 guidelines represents a useful set of key issues for the corporation to consider in the development of it approach to reporting. Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) defines corporate responsibility as â€Å"a business approach that creates long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic, environmental social developments†. This definition does not appear to induce firms to aspire for sustainability goals above and beyond their financial interests (P. Ekins, S. Simon, L. Deutsch, C. Folke, R. D. Groot 2003).Such data is also heavily dependent on what firms wish to disclose through annual questionnaires, third party documents and personal communications. The report [CCRR 2009] is visually well designed and presented, most striking aspects of the report is use of pictures and numbers of quotes seeking to reinforce the themes is vision, change, evolution and general creative thinking. Part 2 Climate change â€Å"Global economic prosperity and quality of life depend on secure supplies of reliable, affordable energy. Everyday Chevron employees produce and deliver energy in a safe, environmentally sound and socially responsible manner, creating enduring economic and social value† said John S. Watson, Chevron chairman and CEO The fundamental challenges for Chevron Corporation lies in the implications of its commitment to become a global player in the development and supply of fossils fuel and biofuel and the requirement to source forest product responsibly. The corporation’s approach to this appears strong. Chevron is an active member of FTSE 500 and has committed to using FTSE performance rating index; 2010 Chevron total emission was 65,853,377 metrics tons, index G,S (Global 500, SP 500)and carbon disclosure score was 80. In this report Chevron shows its commitment action plan to tackling climate change and manage to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. In 2009 the total emissions recorded were 57.4 million metric tons, better than previous target of 60.5 million metric tons, Chevron GHG emissions was approximately 33 metric tons of CO2 equivalent of per 1000 barrels of net-equivalent production from the upstream operations, down from 37 metric tons in 2008. The downstream intensity was approximately 36 metrics tons of CO2 equivalent per 1,000 barrels of crude oil that was input into their refineries, the same as in 2008. The preliminary target for 2010 is 59.0 million metric tons. One of key target of reducing emissions for Chevron is reducing flaring; flaring is an act of safety device to protect vessels or pipes from over pressure on pipes due to unplanned upset. When plant and equipment are over-pressure, pressure relief valves on the equipments automatically releases gases which are routed through large pipes runs called flare headers to the flare stack. Flaring and venting of natural gas from oil and gas well is a significant source of Greenhouse gases emissions. Chevron have executed projects to capture and use the gas, with the cooperation of industry and government partners like World Bank-led Global Gas Flaring Reduction, they target 80 percent reduction if successful. In the report it shows result of gas flaring and venting activities for past five years from 2005 to 2009. [CCRR 2009 p.8-9] Another challenge to the corporation’s presentation of â€Å"result† is the limited scope of time covered – best practice is to disclose of 5 years of targets and performance. Report statements show the net decrease of approximately 2.2 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions from 2008 to 2009 can be attributed to reduced flaring from Cabinda (Angola), and to Nigeria gas processing shut-downs, shut-in offshore wells and pipeline vandalism. Production decrease at U.S.A. Mid-continent and Alaska operations, as well as declining demand for products and shut-downs process units at the Richmond, California, refinery, also accounted for the emission reductions. Another project the corporation invested as a means of tackling climate change is the Carbon Dioxide injection, the Gorgon project, which will include the world’s largest commercial-scale GHG storage site. The project target up to approximately 3.4 million metric tons of CO2 a year injected and stored underground, and it is anticipated that approximately120 million metric tons GHG emissions will be avoided because of the Gorgon CO2 injection project. It will not be true to say the report ignores the challenges inherent in oil and gas exploration, however given scope and scale to promote climate change campaign through its activities. Part 3 Socially Responsible Investment Socially responsible investment (SRI) is â€Å" an investment that is considered socially responsible because of the nature of the business the company conducts†. [investopedia] Another definition by Rivoli 2003 states: â€Å" to provide an opportunity to place savings in ethical funds that yield a competitive return while simultaneously shaping tomorrow’s world†. SRI, in in our today’s socially aware times it is almost impossible to find a global corporation that does not convey a commitment to corporate social responsible (CSR) businesses are now made aware of the benefit at hand of practising good ethical stances. It now means companies have moved from their supposed primary objective of profit maximisation and the best interests of the company, its staff and its shareholders, to include a broader obligation to help build an improved society. The UK is seen as one of the world leading provider of CSR practices internationally. The government has raised and highlighted the importance of social and environmental responsibility; they have also help promote transparency in CSR reporting and its awareness in the marketplace. CSR encourages businesses to have the interest of a broader stakeholders at heart, of which can widen up their understanding of any potential risk and return available to them. [volunteering England] The president of the free market economics Madsen Pirie state that â€Å"CSR should not be a company,s concern†. She commented that CSR should be determined by society as a whole through the mandatory requirement from the government. There is lack of consensus when it comes to focusing on relationship between CRS and profitability, could be due to weakness posed by the methodologies used for measuring social performance, such as external reputational index, content analysis of corporate annual reports or peer ratings (Burke and Logsdon, 1996). The FTSE4Good is another effective way to determine SRI, FTSE4Good indices are value-weighted equity security indices, a corporation will be qualified for inclusion if it passes positive or negative screening tests. Companies excluded are those in sectors like tobacco, arms and nuclear power. Companies included are those that are actively in social and environment criteria, such as environmental sustainability, human right, countering bribery, supply chain labour standards and climate change. While providing an investment tool for socially responsible investors and fund managers, the index strives to contribute to the development of responsible business practices around the world. Socially responsible investment (SRI) is in a very interesting stage of its development, because from fifteen years ago it is a international movement. where does it goes and as a industry how ambitious is it Am certain, quite concern few people come into the industry, people are prepare to push boundaries as much as some of the early pioneers have done. The flip side is, there is continues to be innovation. For example, there is such a disclosure requirement that are carrying from will it’ in Brazil. The Brazilian stock market driven very strongly by SRI movement encouraging better start of disclosure of companies listed in the Brazilian stock market. There is a kind of trade severe of the movement that haven’t die, but need to be lifted to the next level of what are we in business to do? One of the things that inspired me the most is the idea of one planet living, this is where SRI is ahead of most investment industry in understanding planet tree constraints on growth and the fact that it alter the nature of growth. [OECD: new growth doesn’t have to cost the earth] I don’t think SRI is at full front as ambitious as it is about one planet living collectively defining what could be the management of World bank and United nation be thinking about their own finances in the advices they offer like in their lending policies. How does SRI define the way infrastructure investment are made? I think SRI have been quiet weak in the area of real estate and there is a huge opportunity for an SRI interpretation of investment of the built environment whether is building houses, homes or infrastructure, is it road or mass transit. Conclusion There is a lot in Chevron report that is very impressive, though are a number of places where the report either over claims, over simplifies or fails to provide the required detail in processes and approaches, for example in an NGO, GreenPeace website claims in an article tittle â€Å"Chevron: a company that needs to go beyond oil† that the Chevron acts opposite of what its claim its image is. Chevron clearly wishes to take a responsible approach to its business and its ambition could have a significantly positive effect in both the availability of lower impact fuels. It will better to serve the company’s ambitions to make a clear further step to discuss, disclose and demonstrate the real challenges, areas of disagreement, barriers and progress towards its overall goals that are going to be a key part of its journey to achieve its vision. Bibliography Text books P. Ekins, S. Simon, L. Deutsch, C. Folke, R. D. Groot, Ecological Economics 44, 165 (2003) Freeman, R. Edward, and Jr., Daniel R. Gilbert. Corporate Strategy and the Search for Ethics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988 Leonard J. Brooks, Paul Dunn 2009. 5th Edition. Business and Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives and accountants Subhabrata B. B. Corporate Social Responsibility; the good, the bad, and the ugly, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2007 Gray O Adam C. Accounting Accountability, New York Prentice Hall, 1996 DJSI, â€Å"Dow Jones Sustainability Index, Corporate Sustainability† http://www.sustainabilityindexes.com/htmle/sustainability/corpsustainability.htm. (accessed on 22/04/11) Chevron Corp (CXV. N). â€Å"Company profile†. Available online: http://uk.reuters.com/business/quotes/companyProfile?symbol=CVX.N About Chevron. Company Profile. Available online: http://www.chevron.com/about/leadership/ (accessed on 2/04/11) ReportAlert. Chevron corporation (NYSE:CVX) publishes Corporate Responsibility Report 2009. Available online: http://www.reportalert.info/reportprofile.php?ID=30688year=2010.(accessed on 12/04/11) Socially Responsible Investment- SRI http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sri.asp.(accessed on 24/04/11) Corporate Social Responsibility http://www.volunteering.org.uk/WhatWeDo/Projects+and+initiatives/Employer+Supported+Volunteering/Employers/CSR+and+CCI/CSR/What+is+Corporate+Social+Responsibility (accessed on 22/04/11) James P. Leape, Director General, WWF International. New growth doesn’t have to cost the earth http://www.oecd.org/document/45/0,3746,en_2649_34361_46695661_1_1_1_1,00.html. (accessed on 21/04/11) FTSE4GOOD http://www.ftse.com/About_Us/FTSE_Corporate_Responsibility/FTSE4Good.jsp . (accessed on 21/04/11) How to cite Assessment: Chevron Corporate Responsibility, Essay examples

Australia Federal Register of Legislation - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Australia Federal Register of Legislation. Answer: Introduction There are different types of business structures in Australia and each one is governed in a different manner. Corporations Act, 2001 is the legislation which governs the companies in the nation. As this is an act of commonwealth, it applies uniformly over all the parts of the nation (Latimer, 2012). This legislation imposes various duties on the directors of the company, and on the other officers of the company, which have to be upheld properly. Where the duties are not fulfilled in the manner as have been stated under the legislation, it results in the contravention of these duties, which in turn results in civil and criminal provisions becoming applicable over the directors (Rosa, 2015). Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479 is a leading case in which the director duties had been contravened by the sole director, as a result of which penalties were imposed on the breaching director (Moores, 2014). This discussion is focused on the quoted case, and would shed light on what actually transpired, the duties breached and the analysis of the decision given by the court. Background of Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn In this case, the director of Fodare Pty Ltd was Shearn, and on being instigated by the liquidator of the company, Clout, the company initiated the claims against him. The plaintiff of this case had been the trustee of the trust named as Alexandria Trust, a settlement trust, and this trust had been created through a deed. This was like a family trust, and for the Shearn family, this benefitted them. Some of the property had been obtained by Fodare Pty Ltd as a trustee and this had been sold off by the director of the company to an independent purchaser. And the entire case was based upon this very sale (NSW Case Law, 2011). The case is deemed as a substantial ruling particularly in the recent time period and had been given by the Supreme Court of New South Wales. This case had Shearn as the sole director of the company during the time when the sale took place. He had cleared the registered mortgages and also had diverted the funds, the value of which was AUS$383,000 in her personal account. This was in addition to the diversion of AUS$251,000 for discharging and paying up the mortgage on the property which had been held by her daughter. In due course, the company had to be wound up. The liquidators started a case against the defendant and sought declaration which provided that the defendant had contravened the fiduciary duties which had been imposed on her. This case saw the charges being brought against the daughter of Shearn also on the very same grounds due to the scope of constructive trustee which led to her being covered owing to the fact that she held a clear knowledge regarding the funds which s he got being the sum out of proceeds, which had been obtained owing to the undertaken sale (INSOL, 2012). Contravened Duties Section 180(1) of the Corporations Act, 2001 it is the civil duty of the directors and other officers of the company to use their powers and discharge their duties in a manner which depicts care and diligence; and this has to be done on such basis as would be undertaken by a prudent person holding the same officer as of the director, with the same responsibilities, and facing the same situation, as was faced by the director on which the duty is imposed (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2018). Under section 1317E of the Corporations Act, the penalties for the contravention of section 180(1) have been provided. As per the quoted section, the court can make a declaration of contravention upon finding the breach of the relevant sections and this declaration clearly states the reasons for holding the breach, the conduct which resulted in such violation, the penalty details and the other relevant factors. This declaration allows the ASIC to make an application of getting a disqualification order from the court against the breaching director as per section 206C of this act; and the ASIC can also make an application for imposition of pecuniary penalties on the director based on section 1317G of this act (ICNL, 2018). As per section 181(2) of this act, the directors can make use of the defence of business judgment rule. This subsection provides that a director would not be made responsible for the breach of subsection 1 where such director can prove that the undertaken decision had been the result of making proper enquires, based on the knowledge which they held, and that this decision of the director had been based on good faith and for the proper purpose. The directors are also required to show that they actually believed on this rationally and that they genuinely had the viewpoint that the decision had been in the best interest of the company (WIPO, 2015). This defence has been provided in order to safeguard the directors from making such decisions which could transform in losses, even after carefully analysing the case and undertaking the relevant decision. This allows the directors to freely make the decision without having to face the threat of being made responsible for such decision which resulted in loss, and in avoiding any risky decision from being taken just due to the possibility of contravening this section (Cassidy, 2006). Under section 181(1) of this act, the directors have been given the duty of acting for proper purpose, in best interest of the company and in good faith. The same has to be undertaken when the directors discharge their duties and make use of their powers. As a result of the section being contravened, the civil penalties which had been discussed earlier, as covered in section 1317E of this act (Federal Register of Legislation, 2018). Section 182(1) of this act further imposes a duty on the directors to restrict from making use of the position which they hold in the company in such a manner which causes detriment to the company or whereby advantage is attained for the director themself or for someone else. Again, the contravention of this section results in civil penalties covered in section 1317E of this act being imposed on the breaching director (Federal Register of Legislation, 2018). Courts decision Initially, it was stated by the court that there was an absence of allegations against the property being sold, which had indeed taken place at the value which had been stated in the application provided by the plaintiff. Quite a large sum had been owed by the company to Bruce Dennis; and the company director, along with her daughter, had clear knowledge of the company being under this debt owing to the high amounts which had been paid to them. As a result of this, the company was left with no money to make the relevant payment of Dennis. In the matter of the property being the trusts asset, there was absence of sufficient evidence which could result in the judges stating that the same had been the case or not. However, in order to consider the events leading the indebtness of Dennis, the court had to consider this (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2011). The knowledge of Shearn was taken into consideration by the court regarding the payment of money to her, as a result of which the company was left without insufficient funds for paying its debts, which were not much significant. The court adopted an approach where in place on raising the question regarding the application of assets, which resulted in the company being left with an inability of paying off its debts, the question took the question on the very purpose for which these assets had been applied for. In the view of the court, there had to be a proper purpose in order for the fulfilment of the duties discussed in the preceding segment. The money which was held in trust was done in a metaphorical sense. In addition to this, Shearn had been a sole director of this company and in the view of the court she had the duty of safeguarding the company funds and to make use of these for the purpose of discharging the liabilities which the company owed for the corporate reasons. The pay ment which the sole director made to her and her family in form of gift resulted in her own benefit and this was a clear lack of proper discharge of the duties which she owed for the reasons of being a director of the company (Jade, 2011). In this matter, the court also shed light over the cardinal rule binding the directors and as a reason of which, the duties covered under Part 2D.1 are imposed on the directors (Boone, 2012). This provides that the interest of the director has to be kept below the companys interest and in this regard the company directors were required to account for the gains or the profits which had been made by them owing to the fiduciary duties owed to the company. As a result of this, the money of the company which got in the directors hand or which is essentially under their control, which has to be in the possession of company in order for it to be recognized as being the company property. There was also a need of providing the explanation for why this sum had not been put in the companys possession and also the reasons for applying the amount in other ways. For these reasons, the records had to be kept in form of receipts and of the payments of the company, where the use of money was properly recognized (Jade, 2011). This case had a single director and this required the adequacy and accuracy of records to be kept in a proper manner; and this was required to be undertaken on the basis whereby the compliance to the fiduciary duties was reflected in order for the company to be made aware of the very fact that the property was being used in a specified way and had been applied in such way. The evidence depicted that the sole director of the company had not performed the duties which she owed in a proper way. Where the liquidator appointed for the company asked for records and books of company, in context of the property of the company, nothing was provided by her to the liquidator. Also, the report provided to the liquidator afterwards depicted that the company had no liabilities or assets. Shearn further gave statements which provided that the company had no tax liability and that no accounts had been maintained for the last three years by the company. There was absence of recognition of the settlem ent cheques as company property. The money was sued for benefit of her daughter and this was known to the daughter. It was held by the court that even when the daughter was not aware of fine details, she knew about the ownership interest of the company in the assets in question. The Supreme Court held that the sole director had to be made liable for the equitable compensation for the two sums, and for the statutory compensation along with interest and cost. The daughter also had to be made liable for equitable compensation with interest (Jade, 2011). Conclusion From this case, it becomes clear that a sole director of the company has to follow the same duties as is the case with any director of the company. Where the same is not done, they would be made liable as was done with Shearn. It is crucial that the directors of the company refrain from making benefits for themselves, and causing damage to the company. This is the reason why this case saw the daughter also being made liable along with her mother, for the benefitted attained by the two, and the two being made liable jointly and severally. References Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2011) Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479 (25 May 2011). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2011/479.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=Fodare%20Pty%20Ltd%20v%20Shearn [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/director-resource-centre/organisation-type/organisation-definitions [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Boone, J.W. (2011) International Insolvency: Jurisdictional Comparisons. 3rd ed. London: Thomson Reuters. Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 04/01/18] ICNL. (2018) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 04/01/18] INSOL. (2012) Duties Of Directors A Holistic View. [Online] INSOL. Available from: https://www.insol.org/emailer/Jan2012_downloads/India_Duties%20of%20Directors.pdf [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Jade. (2011) Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479. [Online] Jade. Available from: https://jade.io/article/217574 [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Moores. (2014) The Directors Series: Part 2 - Fiduciary Duties. [Online] Moores. Available from: https://www.moores.com.au/news/the-directors-series-part-2-fiduciary-duties [Accessed on: 04/01/18] NSW Case Law. (2011) Fodare Pty Ltd v Shearn [2011] NSWSC 479. [Online] NSW Case Law. Available from: https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/54a635133004de94513d87f6 [Accessed on: 04/01/18] Rosa, D.D. (2015) Are you in breach of your duties as a director of your company?. [Online] Di Rosa Lawyers. Available from: https://dirosalawyers.com.au/breach-duties-director-company/ [Accessed on: 04/01/18] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 04/01/18]